114 K. KEILHACK 



their arctic moUuscan fauna belong to this stage. Here also 

 Geikie places the oldest Alpine glacial deposits as well as the 

 old "Diluvium" of the plateau of central France. In another 

 part of his work he expresses the opinion that the oldest 

 ground moraine in the Baltic region of Germany belongs to this 

 stage. 



2. Norfolkian. — To this stage belongs the Forest bed of 

 Norfolk, during the formation of which a climate prevailed at 

 least as temperate as that of today. In Alpine districts the 

 lignite of Leffe and elsewhere, as well as the interglacial deposits 

 of the Hotting breccia, indicating a climate warmer than that of 

 the present day, correspond to this stage. 



3. Saxonian. — In this epoch the ice reached its greatest 

 expansion. In north Europe the formations of this epoch 

 extend to the borders of the Carpathians, the Sudetic Mountains, 

 the Erzgebirge and the Thuringian Mountains. In the Alps, the 

 corresponding formation covers a more extensive area than that 

 of the Scanian epoch, while in Great Britain the corresponding 

 sheet of drift is more widespread than that of any preceding 

 or following epoch. To this stage belongs the lower bowlder 

 clay of the British Isles, the Lower Diluvium of Holland and 

 north Germany, the outer moraines and the associated gravels 

 of Alpine lands, as well as the older moraines of the numerous 

 imountain chains of middle and southern Europe. 



4. Helvetian. — The character of the flora and fauna is vari- 

 able, being here more arctic and there more temperate. To this 

 stage belongs the interglacial deposits in Lanarkshire, Ayrshire, 

 Edinburghshire, etc., and the Hessle gravels of East Anglia, the 

 beach deposits of Sussex, and certain cave accumulations of 

 mammalian remains, the interglacial beds of Holstein and Kott- 

 bus, the sands of Rixdorf, the interglacial beds of Moscow the 

 interglacial deposits of Cantal, as well as numerous old river 

 deposits of the Thames, Seine, Rhine, etc. 



5. Polandian. — To this stage belong the glacial and fluvio- 

 glacial deposits of a Scandinavian nier de glace, which was 

 smaller than the second, and the similar deposits of Great 



