NORTH EUROPEAN GLACIAL DEPOSITS 1 1 5 



Britain, the Alps and other districts. This stage includes the 

 upper bowlder clay of the British Islands, the Upper Diluvium 

 of central north Germany, Poland and central west Russia, the 

 ground and terminal moraines of the "inner zone" of the Alps, 

 together with the attendant gravels, and the younger valley 

 moraines in various mountain chains. 



6. Neiideckiaii. — The deposits of this interglacial stage are 

 best observed in the southern coast lands of the Baltic. They 

 originated partly in salt, and partly in fresh water, and are inter- 

 calated between two ground moraines, which are designated the 

 lower and upper bowlder clay respectively. The fauna points to 

 a temperate, not to an arctic climate. 



7. Mecklejiburgian. — To this stage belong the ground mor- 

 aines and end-moraines of the latest Baltic glacier, and it reaches 

 its southern extremity in the terminal moraine of the Baltic 

 Hohenrucken. Of the same age as these north German deposits 

 (Upper Diluvium of northern north Germany) are the moraines 

 of the first postglacial stage in the Alps, the great valley glaciers 

 of the British Islands, the Yoldia deposits of Scandinavia, the 

 1 00-foot beach of Scotland with its arctic fauna, and certain 

 arctic plant beds below the Turbaries of Great Britain, Denmark 

 and Scandinavia. 



8. Lower Fore stia?i. — To this stage belong the deposits of 

 the large fresh water lake (Ancylus-beds) filling a part of the 

 basin of the Baltic, the older buried forests under the peat bogs 

 of northwest Europe, and to some extent the Scandinavian 

 Littorina beds. In the Alps no equivalent is known. The land 

 in Europe possessed at that time a greater extent and a warmer 

 climate than at the present day. 



9. Lower Tiirbarian. — Marked by expansion of the sea, 

 moister and colder climate, glacial formations in Scotland and 

 Norway, where some of the valley glaciers extended to the sea, 

 though most terminated at a considerable distance from it. In 

 the Alps, the deposits of the second postglacial stage, the 

 moraines situated in the inner valleys, correspond to this stage. 

 This stage is represented in Britain by certain peat beds, in 



