NOR TH E UR OPE A N GLA CIA L DEPOSITS I 2 I 



150 field sheets (i : 25,000) has now shown that the upper- 

 most bowlder clay north and south of the terminal moraine are 

 identical, that they belong to one glacial epoch, and that one 

 sees in the terminal moraine' not the external margin, but only a 

 stacre of retreat of the latest glacier of these countries. In numer- 

 ous places the ground moraine passes smoothly under the terminal 

 moraine and in this manner several bridges are formed between 

 the inner and outer ground moraine, and their identity is so 

 firmly established, that stronger arguments than Geikie's are 

 required to overturn the results of long years of careful, special 

 inquiry. Those parts of the ground moraine passing under the 

 terminal moraine are joined together in large masses to the north 

 and south with the extensive ground moraines which Geikie 

 maintains belong to two different ice epochs. 



4. By mentioning as proof of his position, the existence of 

 marine interglacial formations at Neudeck in West Prussia, Giekie 

 plainly reaches a false conclusion, for he assumes what has still 

 to be proven, that the last ground moraine but one of Neudeck 

 is of the same age as the last (uppermost) ground moraine 

 south of the Baltic. Without this proof the marine layers of 

 Neudeck have no demonstrative significance, especially as their 

 underlying beds are not known, and no observations have been 

 made as to the number of ground moraines beneath them. 

 Granted, however, that Geikie's view is right, that the Baltic ter- 

 minal moraine is the southern limit of a distinct glaciation, one 

 cannot understand why each of the other terminal moraines of 

 north Germany may not also represent the edge of the ice during 

 a distinct glacial period. On this basis the so-called " last gla- 

 cial epoch" would have to be divided into four if not five epochs, 

 so that even the most fanatical advocate for as many glacial 

 periods as possible would be terrified. 



I see a farther argument against Geikie's classification in the 

 great difficulties of his comparison and in the inequality of the 

 layers placed in the same stage. While with regard to the older 



' I think Dr. Keilhack here uses " terminal moraine " in the German, not in the 

 American sense (see p. 136 this number of this Journal). R. D. S. 



