330 JAMES GEIKIE 



as to how those facts are to be interpreted, I may be excused for 

 forming an independent opinion. Having for many years 

 mapped and studied glacial deposits in my own country — and 

 such deposits are much the same in all well-glaciated lands that 

 I have visited — I did not feel incompetent to weigh the evidence 

 and judge for myself as to its meaning. 



Dr. Keilhack does not, in my opinion, strengthen his posi- 

 tion when he states that in numerous places the ground-moraine 

 in front of the great terminal moraines of the Baltic Ridge 

 passes smoothly under these. If continuous sections showing 

 such connection are in existence, I confess I have never seen or 

 heard of them. Possibly Dr. Keilhack only infers that the 

 bowlder clay which he sees passing under the moraines is the 

 same as that which overspreads the region on the other side. 

 Be that as it may, I have not said and do not maintain that all 

 the bowlder clay lying north of the terminal moraines is 

 younger than the bowlder clay which occurs south of them. 

 I am quite prepared to believe that in many places the terminal 

 moraines have been dumped upon the bowlder clay of the 

 Polandian stage. Further, I do not doubt that the same bowl- 

 der clay actually extends over wide areas behind the moraines, 

 but, if such be the case, it must be largely worked up into or 

 concealed underneath the ground-moraines and other accumula- 

 tions of the great Baltic Glacier. 



I now come to Dr. Keilhack's criticism of certain facts 

 which have been adduced by me in support of the conclusion 

 that the terminal moraines of the Baltic Ridge are deposits of a 

 separate and independent glacial epoch. 



(i) In Denmark and Schleswig-Holstein two bowlder clays 

 have been for a long time recognized. Both of these occur 

 over the eastern section of that region. To that region the 

 upper bowlder clay is confined, while the latter extends west- 

 ward to the shores of the North Sea. Both clays are charged 

 with the same assemblage of erratics, the character of which 

 shows that the ice which brought them moved out from the 

 Baltic and traveled in a general westerly direction. In Holland 



