334 JAMES GEIKIE 



about 125 miles north of the older belt that extends from Hango 

 Head to the north of lake Ladoga. 



(3) Dr. Keilhack's third criticism has already been met by 

 the remarks I have made on the subject of the upper bowlder 

 clay of Britain. My worthy critic could not have read my work 

 with attention or he would hardly have attributed to me the 

 strange statement that my belief in the confluence of Scandi- 

 navian and British ice-sheets, during the formation of our upper 

 bowlder clay, was suggested by and based on the occurrence in 

 that deposit of Scandinavian erratics ! He says : "It seems to 

 me unnecessary entirely to repudiate the opinion of the north 

 German geologists in order to explain the occurrence of Scandi- 

 navian bowlders in the upper bowlder clay of Britain." I have 

 nowhere said that Scandinavian bowlders occur in our upper 

 bowlder clay. So far as I am aware such erratics are confined 

 to the lower bowlder clay of East Anglia and the midlands of 

 England. Not one has been met with in any bowlder clay of 

 East Britain north of Flamborough Head. The evidence which 

 shows that our upper bowlder clay was formed at a time when 

 "inland ice" filled up the basin of the North Sea, and the Scan- 

 dinavian and British ice-sheets were confluent, has nothing 

 whatever to do with the occurrence in our country of Scandi- 

 navian erratics. The great extension of ice which characterized 

 the formation of our upper bowlder clay is demonstrated, as I 

 have shown above, in quite another way. When Dr. Keilhack 

 has duly weighed our evidence he will no longer consider 

 "whether the connection of the Scandinavian with the Scottish 

 ice in the third glacial period is more than imaginary." The 

 fact of that connection is as well established as one can expect 

 it to be. 



(4) Believing as I do that the terminal moraines of the 

 Baltic Ridge are the products of a distinct glacial epoch, I 

 naturally hold that the superficial or youngest morainic accumu- 

 lations which lie behind those moraines are of later age than 

 the ice-sheet of Polandian times. Thus, I maintain that the 

 upper bowlder clay throughout the region extending from the 



