Dr. A. Smith Woodward — Early Man. 3 



belong to the associated skull but represent a new species of 

 chimpanzee. Mr. Miller does not recognize that the lower molar 

 teeth are essentially human, and his arguments will soon be 

 satisfactorily dealt with by Mr. W. P. Pycraft in Science Progress. 

 I hope then to give some account of a discovery made by the late 

 Mr. Charles Dawson shortly before his death, which appears to me to 

 confirm the interpretation of Eoanthropus which he and I originally 

 published in 1912. 



All the mammalian remains found in the Piltdown gravel are in so 

 fragmentary a condition, and several are so obviously derived from an 

 older stratum, that they are insufficient to date Eoanthropus with 

 exactness. Probably the only specimen of real importance from this 

 point of view is the unique bone implement, 1 apparently made from 

 the femur of an elephant which was too large for Eleplias primigenius, 

 but must have agreed in size with that of E. antiqiius and 

 E. meridionalis. In the Mauer sand, however, in which the lower 

 jaw of Homo heidelbergensis was found, mammalian remains are 

 abundant, and many of the specimens shown to me by Professor W. 

 Salomon at Heidelberg in 1912 are in a remarkable state of preser- 

 vation. As all palaeontologists agree, this mammalian fauna must 

 date back to a very early part of the Pleistocene period. The human 

 lower jaw is in the same condition as the other remains, and is 

 evidently of the same age. Compared with the Piltdown jaw it is 

 typically human ; but it differs from later human lower jaws both in 

 the sharp retreat of the chin and in the incomplete bony filling 

 of the ape-like pit on the inner face of the chin where the geniohyoid 

 and geniohyoglossal muscles have their origin. 



Since Professor Marcellin Boule's exhaustive memoir on the 

 skeleton of La-Chapelle-aux-Saints (1911-13), nothing of importance 

 has been added to our knowledge of Neanderthal man. Professor 

 Schwalbe has described a lower jaw from Taubach, near Weimar 

 (Germany), and Professor Obermaier makes known another from 

 Baholas, province of Gerona (Spain). This race, however, is now 

 tolerably well known, while the associated implements and remains 

 of the mammalian fauna are well represented in many collections. 

 Both Professor Osborn and Professor Obermaier are able to give 

 a good account of the circumstances of the Mousterian period during 

 which Neanderthal man lived. There is no doubt that the com- 

 paratively genial conditions which surrounded Piltdown man and 

 Heidelberg man had passed away, and that an Arctic fauna 

 predominated. 



The chief interest of later Palaeolithic man centres, not in his 

 skeleton, but in his artistic attainments; and a large proportion of 

 the two new volumes before us is devoted to a beautifully illustrated 

 account of the discoveries of later Palaeolithic art in Prance and 

 Spain. None but those who have seen them, however, can realize 

 the extraordinary skill with which the drawings and paintings are 

 made on the irregular surfaces of rock in the remote recesses of the 



1 C. Dawson & A. S. "Woodward, "On a Bone Implement from Piltdown 

 (Sussex) " : Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. lxxi, pp. 144-8, pi. xiv, 1915. 



