Reviews — Chitral, Gilgit, and the Pamirs. 175 



The northern part of the esterdal is the site of an old ice-dammed 

 lake and two beaches are present, one being about 55 m. above the 

 other. Holm sen gives a map of the district with the isobases of 

 the lower beach drawn for every 5 m. difference in level. A general 

 tilt away from the ice-shed, which lay to the south-east, is revealed. 

 The isobases run regularly across the mountainous country of granite 

 and altered sedimentaries, but are turned aside by a gabbro mountain. 

 The plane of the former lake-level dips, on the north-west side of the 

 gabbro, at a rate of 085 to l - 63 metres per kilometre, being gi'eater 

 than the average gradient of the district, which is 0'70m, per km., 

 whilst on the opposite side the normal north-west dip is lessened 

 and even reversed. This can be explained by postulating a greater 

 uplift of the gabbro than that of the whole district, and this view 

 receives additional support from a consideration of the vertical 

 relations of the two beaches, which are not quite parallel to each 

 other. Compared with the lower beach, the upper one exhibits 

 higher levels the nearer it is situated to the gabbro mountain. Near 

 the gabbro the upper beach is 57*9 m. above the lower, but only 

 54'5 m. some distance away, showing that the exti'a upheaval of the 

 gabbro was in progress before the lower and younger beach was 

 formed, as well as afterwards. 



Although for the reasons pointed out above the evidence is not bo 

 detailed, the present heights of two raised sea-beaches in North 

 Norway, between Tromse and Hammerfest, mapped by Helland, show 

 the great masses of basic eruptive rocks to be standing higher 

 relatively to the surrounding country than they did formerly. It 

 is known that slight irregularities of uplift can sometimes be referred 

 to irregularities in surface relief, but this is not the determining 

 factor in the cases discussed by Holmsen, where, significantly, the 

 specially raised districts are all built up of heavy basic eruptive rocks. 

 The phenomena would seem to be connected with the greater density 

 of the masses affected, although it is not at all clear how this has 

 operated. One cannot help admiring the precision of this work, 

 whereby such minute variations in the uplift of the land have been 

 discovered and measured. 



L. Hawkes. 



II. — Notes on the Geology of Chitkal, Gilgit, and the Pamirs. 

 By H. H. Hayden, C.I.E., P.R.S., Director Geological Survey 

 of India. Rec. Geol. Surv. India, vol. xlv, pt. iv, pp. 271-335, 

 1915. 



IN this part is contained an interesting account of a preliminary 

 geological reconnaisance through Chitral, the Gilgit district, and 

 the Pamirs. In the outer mountains of Dir and Swat there is a belt 

 of igneous and metamorphic rocks, which is probably the equivalent 

 of the igneous and metamorphic series which occurs below Jelalabad 

 on the Kabul River. Between Dir and Chitral granite is found, but 

 north of the Laorai Pass this gives place to a series of sedimentary 

 rocks, which comprise members at least as old as the Devonian and as 

 young as the Cretaceous. This series extends across from Chitral to 

 the districts of Yasin and Hunza. To the north of this series is found 



