STUDIES FOR STUDENTS. 537 



side and deposited on the opposite and distant side might con- 

 stitute a recognizable sub-class under this head. Such deposits 

 have been described. 



V. Formations produced by shore-ice and ice-floes due to low 

 Pleistocene temperature but independent of glacier action. 



1. Shore ridges due to ice push. — In northern latitudes the 

 shore action of ice (not including icebergs) is very notably, 

 producing shore ridges of unusual strength, configuration, and 

 importance. It is held by some writers that much of the phe- 

 nomena placed on the above classes is referable to this. Without 

 conceding this, it seems beyond question that this class of 

 deposits need special recognition in the study of the Pleistocene 

 formations. 



2. Littoral deposits. — If we confine the above class to those 

 ridges which were pushed up on the shore above the reach of the 

 waters, we need also to recognize a class which was deposited 

 beneath the border of the body of the water. These differ from 

 ordinary littoral deposits in the special contribution resulting 

 from the ice action. 



3. Off-shore deposits. — These embrace the material of the ice 

 action of the shore borne back in suspension or by ice floes into 

 still waters and there deposited. They must, in the nature of the 

 case, very closely similate the formations produced by floating 

 ice derived from glaciers. 



VI. Formations produced by winds acting on Pleistocene glacial 

 and glacio-fluvial deposits under the peculiar conditions of glaciation. 



Recalling what was said under this head near the opening of 

 this discussion, it may suffice here to simply indicate two classes 

 that may be recognized under this head. 



1. Dunes. — These differ in no important respect from ordi- 

 nary dunes, except that the material is made up in part of grains 

 formed by glacial grinding instead of disintegration and wave 

 wear, and in their correlation with the ice border and the glacial 

 waters that issued from it, rather than with the sandy shores of 

 lakes and seas. 



2. JEolian loess. — While the larger part of the loess found in 



