REVIEWS. 731 



site the mouths of our larger valleys." Quoting Mr. Jamieson, Profes- 

 sor Geikie points out that kames are often grouped in belts which " lie 

 across valleys in long sinuous lines, forming curves or segments of 

 a circle, the concavity of which is presented to the head of the valley, 

 and their convexity toward the sea or downward end, as in terminal 

 moraines." Outside these belts and groups of kames, there are fre- 

 quently found wide flats of gravel and sand, sustaining the same relation 

 to the kame-belts that similar deposits sustain to moraines, and, more 

 rarely, to belts of kames in our own country. Professor Geikie does 

 not fail to note the close relationship between certain aggregations of 

 kames and terminal moraines. It was just this moraine-like habit of 

 certain kame belts, moraine-like both in themselves and in their rela- 

 tions, which led the writer to propose for them the name kame-mo- 

 raz'nes. 1 



Apropos of the question which has been raised, on this side of the 

 water, as to the reality of the existence of rock basins produced by 

 glacier erosion, it may be noted that Professor Geikie asserts that the 

 "largest and most important lakes of Scotland" as well as a "vast num- 

 ber of mountain tarns " lie in rock basins. There is no hesitation in 

 ascribing these rock basins to the work of glacier ice. 



Important as many of the minor changes in the new edition are, 

 the chiefest interest is likely to centre in the discussion concerning the 

 succession of glacial epochs. In Scotland Professor Geikie finds what 

 he regards as evidence of five glacial epochs. In England the Wey- 

 bourn and Chillesford crags are believed to represent the deposits of a 

 still earlier epoch when the climate was arctic in Britain, and when 

 considerable glaciers were in existence, though the crag deposits them- 

 selves are not looked upon as the direct product of ice. These crag 

 deposits, together with the overlying Cromer forest beds, are referred 

 to the Pliocene. According to this interpretation, the beginning of 

 the glacial period is not coincident with the beginning of the Pleisto- 

 cene. 



Instructive maps are given, showing the extent to which the ice 

 covered Great Britain and Ireland, and the continent as well, in the 

 second, third, and fourth glacial epochs. During the second epoch, 

 Ireland, Scotland, and Wales were completely covered by ice, and gla- 

 ciation extended essentially to the valley of the Thames. On the conti- 

 nent the ice is represented as having extended so far south as to cover 



1 Annual Report of the State Geologist of New lersey, 1892, page 93. 



