REVIEW^.. 739 



Europe, as in America, is not characterized by terminal moraines ; that 

 the limit of the drift deposited during the second advance of the ice in 

 Europe, as in America, is not commonly marked by well-defined 

 moraines, though moraines are not altogether wanting ; that the great 

 body of loess in Europe, as in America, seems to be connected with 

 the ice advance which succeeded the greatest; and that the ice during 

 the next succeeding advance (the second after the greatest), both m 

 Europe and America, developed the great terminal moraines, and that 

 these terminal moraines are bordered on the outside by plains and 

 valley trains of sand and gravel, denoting more vigorous drainage than 

 during the earlier stages of the ice. 



A chapter is devoted to the glaciers of Middle Europe. Nearlv all 

 the mountains of this part of Europe had their glaciers during one or 

 more of the glacial epochs. In some of these regions, as in the 

 Vosges Mountains of Alsace, there is more or less evidence of separate 

 epochs with inter-current non-glacial conditions. 



In Switzerland details concerning the glacial formations have been 

 worked out in great detail by several geologists, among them Messrs. 

 Penck, Bruckner, Bohm, and Du Pasquier. Much of the work in Swit- 

 zerland has been done independently, but the conclusions reached 

 appear to be nearly the same in whatever part of the Alpine country 

 the areas investigated lie. Three thoroughly distinct series of glacial 

 deposits are recognized, separated by interglacial beds representing 

 genial climatic conditions. The intervals between the successive glacia- 

 tions were long, perhaps longer than the time since the last. This 

 evidence is not confined entirely to the regions which were actually 

 covered by the ice. It is also found in territory which ice did not 

 cover. The evidence outside the areas actually glaciated is drawn from 

 three series of gravel deposits. The oldest series of gravels, which 

 Professor Geikie calls the "plateau" gravels, were deposited during the 

 first recognized epoch of glaciation in the Alps. After the deposition 

 of these gravels there was a long period of erosion. Streams cut deep 

 and broad valleys through these gravels, and into the rock upon which 

 they rest. During this erosion interval the Inn, for example, deep- 

 ened its valley several hundred feet. 



In the valleys thus formed, a later deposit of glacier gravel was 



made. This gravel constitutes the so-called " high terraces." There is 



. direct evidence that this gravel was connected in time and origin with the 



second glacial epoch of the Alpine region. Subsequent to the deposi- 



