REVIEWS. 743 



In his chapter on extra-European countries, our author recounts 

 evidence to the effect that there were extensive glaciers in most of the 

 mountain ranges of Asia during the glacial period. At this time 

 glaciers are believed to have been much more extensive than now, in 

 regions where they now exist, and to have existed in many places 

 where they are not now found. The glacial deposits of Asia have 

 been little studied, and have not thus far yielded evidence of recur- 

 rent epochs. In Africa there is evidence that there were somewhat 

 extensive glaciers in the Atlas Mountains, where there are said to be 

 large moraines at an elevation of not more than 6000 feet. There is 

 evidence, too, that glaciers descended much lower than at present 

 from some of the mountains near the equator. Thus about Mt. Kenia 

 (18,370 feet) glaciers have at some time descended between 5000 and 

 6000 feet lower than at the present time. In South Africa, likewise, 

 there are traces of glaciers in the mountains at elevations ranging 

 from 1000 to 5000 feet. In the Australian Alps, glaciers are found 

 to have descended to a level little more than 3000 feet above the sea. 

 There is evidence also of glaciation at points in South Australia. 

 Within this province the effects of ice action are observable down to 

 within forty feet of the sea level about St. Vincent Gulf, latitude 35 ° 

 south. There are also evidences of former glaciers in Tasmania, and 

 the ice in New Zealand is known to have been much more extensive at 

 some earlier time than now. Kerguelen Island, it is believed, has at 

 some time been completely smothered by ice. In South America, 

 too, glaciers were formerly much more extensive than now. 



Professor Geikie makes no specific statement looking to the time 

 correlation of the glacial conditions in these various countries with those 

 of Europe and North America, but the implication, perhaps uninten- 

 tional, is that they fall within the limit of the glacial period of those 

 countries. Until the cause of the glacial period is known, it would 

 seem to be unfortunate to assume that the glaciation of different con- 

 tinents was synchronous. 



The chapters devoted to the drift of North America are more than 

 a summary of the drift phenomena of our continent. They are written 

 from the standpoint of Pleistocene history and embody new sugges- 

 tions on many points. 



Professor Chamberlin calls attention to the fact that the known his- 

 tory of glaciation practically begins with the time when the ice reached 

 its outermost limit. The earlier glacial history is largely lost, and that 



