778 THE JOURNAL OF GEOLOGY. 



pushed out upon its moraine, and lay above it, and, at points. 

 even projected over it, so that it was quite impracticable to walk 

 along the edge of the ice on the debris. Figs. 6 and 7 show the 

 relations of the ice to its moraine in the westernmost of the two 

 valleys. Fig. 8 shows the relation of the glacier to its moraine 

 on the divide between the two valleys. In the latter it will be 

 seen that the terminal moraine is but a small bowldery ridge, 

 formed at the immediate foot of the glacier. A little of the 

 snow drift that obscured the whole moraine in July may still be 

 seen at the right of the picture. In the former it will be 

 observed that the morainic material lies directly beneath the edge 

 of the ice. The glacier even projects a little in the central por- 

 tion, so that the streamlets of water fall free in front of the drift 

 beneath (Fig. 7). There is a debris-bearing horizon in the ice, 

 about fifteen feet above its base, as shown in the figure. This 

 is but the outcropping edge of a layer of dirty ice, which, besides 

 silt, carries pebbles and stones of moderate size, and an occa- 

 sional bowlder. Below this there is some debris in the ice, but 

 its amount is small. The wash of the silt over the surface as it 

 melts gives an exaggerated impression of its amount in the 

 photographs. A similar statement may be made of the debris 

 on the whole terminal margin of the glacier. At some points 

 there are layers of ice a few inches thick, which are well set 

 with erratic material. This, as it comes to the surface, gives 

 rise to little heaps or ridges upon the ice, at points a few feet 

 back from the moraine. These heaps or ridges present the 

 appearance of having been forced out from the ice, but this is in 

 part due to the fact that the debris covers the ice and retards its 

 melting, so that it comes to take the conical form so well known 

 on Alpine glaciers. When the loose material is cleared away, 

 the debris is usually found to be confined to a thin layer solidly 

 imbedded in the ice. In some instances, however, the debris 

 was found set free by melting for some distance back between 

 the layers of purer ice, and hence it may have been subject to 

 outthrust by the movement of the ice. Certain instances were 

 found in the Inglefield Gulf region where this had undoubtedly 



