86 SECTIONAL ADDRESSES. 
suggested by him in 1879.8? Briefly, the theory rests on the advantage 
of a combined advertisement in saving lives that would have been lost 
in the experimental attacks of enemies. Batesian Mimicry, on the other 
hand, rests on the advantage of a false advertisement, leading a palatable 
insect to escape because mistaken for a distasteful one. Much controversy 
has arisen over the mathematical aspect of the problem, but this cannot 
be considered on the present occasion. I have been led to believe that 
Miillerian Mimicry is more important than Batesian because models and 
mimics are so commonly found in the same presumably distasteful group, 
and because the resemblances which were not explained by Bates’ theory 
are so much commoner than he supposed. Thus the distasteful Heliconine 
butterflies, among which he recognised mimics of the Ithomiines, are also 
themselves divided into groups, of which one mimics the other so perfectly 
that the real difference was for many years unsuspected.** And this is 
equally true but far more striking in the Heliconine mimics of Ithomiines 
because the patterns are very elaborate, so much so indeed that these 
mimics are among the most remarkable in the world. 
One or two more examples which suggest the prevalence of Miillerian 
Mimicry may be mentioned. The intricacies of systematics being 
unnecessary for the appreciation of the argument, I propose to reduce 
them to a minimum. The ‘ White Admirals’ of the Northern Belt have 
been separated into different genera, but they are all nearly related with 
very similar life-histories. They are, except when modified by mimicry, 
dark butterflies with conspicuous white markings displayed in a sailing 
flight. In Europe they are mimicked by the female of our ‘ Purple 
Emperor’ and other butterflies, including a black-and-white invader 
(Neptis) from the south, this latter butterfly belonging to a group which 
itself provides models for mimicry. Any doubt about the mimetic 
resemblance of the female Emperor is dispelled when we remember that 
numerous allies of these Admirals in tropical America (Adelpha) are there 
mimicked by females of butterflies allied to the Emperors (Chlorippe). In 
North America some of the White Admirals possess the black-and-white 
pattern, one (astyanaz) is a mimic of a distasteful Swallowtail (P. philenor), 
but at the same time is considered by Scudder to be the model for a female 
Fritillary. Others are beautiful imitations of Danaine invaders from the 
Old World, and the mimicry is so recent that one of these (archippus) and 
also astyanax can breed with their black-and-white ancestor (arthemis) and 
produce intermediate offspring.** There is finally a species (lorquint) on the 
Pacific Coast which is a mimic of a southern invader (californica) closely 
related to the tropical American Adelphas. This last, too, is of especial 
interest because the mimicry is only developed where the two butterflies 
82 Kosmos. The paper was at once translated by Meldola and published in the 
Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. xx. A preliminary paper containing everything 
essential to his theory of mimicry was published by Fritz Miller in Zool. Anzeiger 
(Carus), I (1878), pp. 54,55. Translation by E. A. Elliott in Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 
1915, p. xxii. 
83 W. J. Kaye in Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1907, p. xiv.; H. Eltringham in Jbid., 
Trans., 1916, p. 101, pls. XI-XVII. 
84 Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1916, p. xciv. Abstract of W. L. W. Field’s three valuable 
papers in Psyche. 
