D.—ZOOLOGY. 87 
overlap, and dies away to the north and east where lorguini spreads 
beyond the range of its model.* 
We have seen that the Adelphas of the New World are models, but 
the corresponding African representatives of the White Admirals, the 
Pseudacreas, are, with one or two exceptions, mimics, resembling 
certain Acreine butterflies conspicuous in their localities, and in two 
instances Danaines, one of the models being D. chrysippus. 
These tangled relationships of models and mimics in the great group 
of ‘ White Admirals’ and their allies are in my opinion impossible to 
reconcile with the Batesian theory, but in every way consistent with the 
Miillerian. It will be necessary to return to the African Pseudacreas a 
little later, but I will first mention one more example which, I believe, 
supports the same conclusion. 
During the meeting of the Association at Toronto in 1897, I met Dr. 
Gustav Gilson of Brussels who was about to visit Fiji and very kindly 
promised to collect butterflies for me. Among the specimens received 
were two species of Huplea, one of which had obviously been modified in 
mimicry of the other. Now the Huplceas are among the most distasteful 
and most commonly mimicked butterflies in the world, and I became 
extremely anxious to obtain more specimens from different islands of 
the Fijian and other groups. Finally, after waiting more than twenty 
years I received a very kind letter from Mr. Hubert W. Simmonds, who 
had heard of my wants, which he then proceeded to supply most 
generously and efficiently, enabling me to study this and other equally 
interesting problems. There is not now the possibility of describing the 
results,* but I will mention, as bearing on the Miillerian theory, that the 
mimicking Huplea of Fiji is found to be a model on Wallis Island, and 
the model of Fiji its mimic ; while on Fotuna Island, 150 miles away, the 
Wallis model is absent, while the other Huplea is present, but unmodified 
by mimicry. 
The year before Fritz Miiller proposed his theory of mimicry in 
1878, he published a paper which was probably the preparation for it— 
the paper in which he explained the meaning of the gregarious habit in 
certain distasteful insects. Thus, writing of the dull brown caterpillars 
of two American butterflies, he suggested that the social habits “ which lead 
them to congregate in large numbers make up for their want of colour, 
since their offensive odour then gives timely warning to an approaching 
enemy.?? This interpretation has recently been adopted for the 
interesting and hitherto puzzling habits of Heliconius charithonia, which 
85 Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1908, p. 447. Lorquini and its model are represented 
on pl. XXV, which also shows a reciprocal approach of the latter towards its mimic. 
Owing to the kindness of Commander C. M. Dammers I have been provided with 
Mimicry in the N. American ‘ White Admirals,’ here very briefly summarised, is 
the opportunity of renewing this investigation with far more extensive material. 
considered in detail in the above paper and in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 
January 1914, p. 161. 
a A full description appears in 7'rans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1923, p. 564, pls. XXITX- 
87 Kosmos, December 1877. ‘Translation by Prof. R. Meldola in Proc. Ent. Soc. 
Lond., 1878, pp. vi., vii. 
