H.—ANTHROPOLOGY. 143 
are correlated with differences in the physical organism, and are therefore 
strictly racial differences, is one that we cannot yet hope to approach as a 
scientific problem. 
Another field that lies within the general field of Anthropology as now 
organised is that of Prehistoric Archeology. I need not remind you how 
greatly this subject has developed and prospered in recent years. It has 
won far more popular interest and support than any other branch of 
Anthropology. At the same time it has become more definitely a 
specialised study. It has thus attained an independence that it did not 
possess when anthropological studies were first organised in associations 
and universities. 
| Besides these two subjects, Physical Anthropology, or, as I think it 
might he better called, Human Biology, and Prehistoric Archeology, 
_ Anthropology as now organised includes as a third field the study of the 
languages and cultures of non-European peoples, and particularly of those 
peoples who have no written history. This separation of the peoples of 
_ the world into two groups, one of which is studied by the anthropologist, 
_ while the other is left to historians, philologists and others, is obviously 
; not justifiable by any logical co-ordination of studies, and is no longer so 
fully justified by practical considerations as it was when it first arose. 
Changes that are taking place in this field will soon require, I think, a 
different organisation of our studies in relation to others. 
It is to this branch of anthropology, the study of the cultures of non- 
European peoples, that I wish to devote my attention in this address, 
Of the changes that have recently been taking place in it, which are 
important and significant for its future development, there is one which 
I will here only mention and will return toit later. In its earlierdevelopment 
_ the study was a purely academic one, having no immediate bearing on any 
particular aspect of practical life. This has now changed, and there is a 
_ growing recognition that the study of the life and customs of a tribe of 
_ Africa or New Guinea by an ethnographer or social anthropologist can be 
_ of practical assistance to those engaged in governing or educating that 
tribe. Anthropology, or this branch of it, is now being brought into 
close relation with colonial administration, and we may anticipate many 
- important results from this association. 
_ This new position of anthropology will, I believe, help to hasten 
forward the development of a change of point of view in the study, a 
change of orientation, which has been slowly making itself felt during the 
last few decades, and with which I propose to deal at some length. I will 
attempt to state in a few words what this change of orientation is. Using 
the word science to mean the accumulation of exact knowledge, we may 
distinguish two kinds of scientific study, or two kinds of method. One 
of these is the historical. The other method or type of study I should 
like to call the inductive, but there is a chance that the word might be 
eee estood. I will therefore call it the method of generalisation. 
_ This distinction between the historical and the generalising sciences was 
_ emphasised long ago by Cournot. It is one of great importance in any 
question of scientific methodology. 
____ Now when the study of non-European peoples was first undertaken, it 
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