182 SECTIONAL ADDRESSES. 
every item of its organic machinery runs on physical and chemical rules 
as completely as do inorganic systems, will the living animal present no 
other problematical aspect ? The dog, our household friend—do we exhaust 
its aspects if in assessing its sum-total we omit its mind? A merely 
reflex pet would please little even the fondest of us.... But this 
Association has its Section of Psychology. ... It is to the psychologist 
that we must turn to learn in full the contribution made to the integration 
of the animal individual by mind.’ 
So, ultimately, psychology was given the status of an independent 
Section, with the previous approval of the Sections of Physiology and 
Education, at the Cardiff Meeting in 1920. The new Section met for the 
first time in 1921 under the presidency of Professor Lloyd Morgan, F.R.S. 
Thus the present Centenary Meeting of the Association marks also the 
completion of ten years’ existence of our Section. 
I can vividly recall the doubts which were expressed, not so much in 
words, as in general attitude, by the Committee of Recommendations of 
this Association when in 1920 it was asked to consider the formation of a 
separate Section of Psychology. Such hesitation was probably based on 
several grounds, not wholly on any one of them. Psychology, it must 
have been realised, is not immediately concerned with material phenomena ; 
unlike these, its ‘ subject matter,’ the mind, cannot be weighed or measured; 
nor can mind be satisfactorily regarded merely as a blind mechanism. 
Moreover, as each scientist carries his mind about with him, be he mathema- 
tician, physicist, zoologist, physiologist, physician or educationalist, he 
has always himself felt competent to speak from every-day experience 
on psychological problems without previous systematic training in the 
subject, sometimes thus advancing, but probably as often retarding, its 
progress and its reputation, and always suggesting by such intrusion 
that psychology neither possesses nor needs any special discipline of its 
own. 
More than thirty years’ experience has convinced me that a thorough 
familiarity with the practice and theory of the psycho-physical methods 
is essential for reliable systematic psychological investigations of any 
kind. It is largely to the uncontrolled genius of psychologically untrained 
experts in other fields that we owe the exaggerated importance which has 
been variously attached of late to conditioned reflexes, sex, inferiority, 
behaviour, mental tests, correlations, etc., in psychology. Thus have 
often arisen the various ‘schools’ of modern psychology, characterised _ 
by the same narrow bigotry as is to be found among contending religious 
sects, each school almost worshipping its founder, each contributing 
something of truth and value, but each refusing to recognise truth and 
value in its rivals, and blind to other important conceptions than its own 
and to other important problems the investigation of which is essential 
for the progress of psychological science. 
Tue MATHEMATICIAN IN PHysics AND PsycHOLOGY. 
But some of the grounds for hesitancy in recognising psychology as 
scientific or as a separate science have lost much of their force to-day, 
because of the pronounced change that has since taken place in the 
