190 SECTIONAL ADDRESSES. 
troubling, or indeed being able to have access to, the members of the 
cabinet. Such functions are comparable to our present reflex actions 
(e.g. the pupil reflex), which are inherited, unalterable, and are absolutely 
divorced from consciousness. There would, also under the government, be 
servants of a higher level, comparable to the instincts which are improvable 
by experience, the activities of which affect consciousness in the form of 
impulses to action. One manifest purpose of the consciousness or awareness 
of impuise is to enable the self to modify or to control the relevant instinct. 
Instincts may war with one another (so, too, may alternative motives to 
voluntary action). The self may passively allow the stronger instinct (or 
the stronger motive) to predominate. But it may also, by using its own 
activity—implying the whole, most highly integrated, mental system or 
personality of the individual—interfere with and repress an instinct (or 
a motive) which, left to itself, would otherwise predominate and yield 
involuntary action. 
Whether or not we can regard all instinctive activities, e.g. walking, 
as accompanied by emotional consciousness, a close association between 
instinctive action and many emotions generally holds. Emotional activity 
is psychologically and neurologically older than higher intelligent activity. 
Where an emotion, closely related to some instinct, enters consciousness, 
its probable object is to prevent the self from intelligently inhibiting the 
related instinct, and to insure the carrying out of the instinctive act. 
Such emotions, indeed, are more strongly felt in proportion to the amount 
of conflict or other obstacles impeding expression of the relevant instinct. 
DEVELOPMENTS OF FEELING AND PRESENTATION. 
We have noted two paths of differentiation of the modifications of the 
seli—those of feeling and of presentation. Feeling develops, on the one 
hand, into emotion and this into sentiment, and on the other, into feeling- 
tone (pleasure and displeasure). Feeling-tone, emotion and sentiment are 
recognised as being largely dependent on thalamic activity ; whereas with 
the development of the cerebral cortex arise the increasing integration, 
discrimination and grading of presentations, the elaboration of their 
meaning and of their spatial and temporal relations, and the evolution 
of thought and speech, on all of which the rise of rational intelligence 
depends. Finally, valuation and volition achieve their highest plane with 
the harmonious co-operation of the highest products of these two 
evolutionary paths—sentiment and intelligence. 
Unconscious DIRECTION AND PURPOSE. 
The self is the highest controlling and directing power. The orders 
which it consciously gives and the efforts which it consciously makes may, 
once started, continue to be carried on unconsciously, i.e. without the 
conscious participation of the self. Thus we may consciously but vainly 
try to recall some past experience or to solve some difficult problem ; 
and after giving up the effort, this directive activity may still persist 
unconsciously until suddenly the forgotten object, or the abandoned 
solution, suddenly flashes full-born and unbidden into the self’s con- 
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