246 SECTIONAL ADDRESSES. 
with nitrogenous manures on hay at Rothamsted during the past 80 years 
have been obtained also on grazing land, and intensive methods such as 
that proposed by Falke and Warmbold in Germany, and developed by 
Imperial Chemical Industries, are being tried in this country and in the 
British Empire. Stapledon has shown the marked differences between 
different strains of grass. The grass lands of the Empire can be con- 
siderably improved, and vast increases are possible in the output of meat 
and dairy products. 
Beef production is in a somewhat different category from mutton or 
pig meat. In the Norfolk rotation it was linked to intensive farming, but 
this has long been uneconomic, and it is now moving back to the extensive 
grassland systems. It does not join up well with the systems of producing 
dairy produce and mutton practised in New Zealand, Australia and 
Canada, and it requires different refrigerator arrangements. The future 
supplies appear at the moment to be less extensive and less extensible 
than those for other products. There are, however, two great regions of 
the British Empire where great extension will be possible whenever the 
need arises: the northern part of Australia, and the grass region of Africa 
lying between latitudes of 20° South and 15° North—roughly between 
the Limpopo and the Sahara group of deserts—it includes the Rhodesias, 
Tanganyika, Kenya, Uganda, Somaliland, the Southern Sudan and the 
Western Colonies. There are, of course, entomological and veterinary 
difficulties, for insects are in possession of much of this country ; there are 
also sociological problems, for many of the natives do not wish to sell 
their cattle, holding them as marks of honour and distinction ; there are 
transport problems and many others; probably none, however, is 
insuperable. 
Another result of improved storage during transport has been a great 
development of Empire fruit growing. Apples and oranges were formerly 
obtainable in England only in winter; they are now obtainable in spring 
and summer, thanks to the marked developments in Tasmania, the Murray 
region in Australia, and South Africa. Plums, peaches, grapes come in 
abundance from South Africa, bananas from Jamaica; not only are the 
total imports of fruit increasing, but the proportion from the Empire 
increases; it had averaged 24 per cent. for the five years 1925-9, and 
rose to 33 per cent. in 1930; home growers supplied 26 per cent. ; usually 
their share is nearer 30 per cent. The Empire still, however, supplies 
less than one orange out of every four that we eat, only 39 per cent. of 
our bananas, 16 per cent. of our grape fruit, and 10 per cent. of our pine- 
apples; there are therefore considerable possibilities of further develop- 
ment. Demand is increasing; in 1930 the consumption of fruit per 
head of population in Great Britain was nearly 83 Ibs., as against 70 lbs. 
in 1924. Other countries are improving their production and transport. 
In Great Britain, Barker, Wallace, and their colleagues at Long Ashton, 
and Hatton at East Malling, have greatly strengthened the fruit-growers’ 
position, and for fruit the outlook is, as for other commodities, a power of 
production growing greater than the power of consumption. Another im- 
portant factor in the fruit industry has been the development of canning, 
which affords a satisfactory way of dealing with excess. produce. 
Engineering science has further intensified agricultural production by 
