412 SECTIONAL TRANSACTIONS.—E. 
geographical distribution has been determined by the utilisation of contemporary 
maps, particularly Cruchley’s map of 1843. 
The general result bears a striking resemblance to the distribution conditions 
to-day, in spite of the much smaller area covered. That is to say, a thinning of 
population in the City, a crowding on the outskirts, and, radiating from this zone of 
greater density, a ribbon development along the arterial roads and new circular roads. 
Development of estates lying between the radiating high roads marks the beginning 
of a fresh cycle of rapid growth. 
The 678 acres of the City had a resident population of 123,500 in 1841 as against 
13,700 in 1921, but depopulation was going on actively owing to reconstruction, 
particularly in the neighbourhood of the Bank. 
Geographical conditioning is clear in the close adherence to the valley gravel areas, 
except along the river banks and in the neighbourhood of the docks, and in the general 
avoidance of the alluvial and London Clay areas, which were used mainly, where 
built on, for cemeteries, small-pox hospitals, asylums, workhouses, refugee settlements 
and railway termini. 
Apart from actual extension of building, the outstanding feature of the modern 
distribution, as shown on a map of Greater London based on the 1921 census, and 
prepared in a similar way, is the spread of population on to the London Clay areas, 
made possible by improved drainage, sewerage and water supply. 
Prof. J. ScHoxatsky.—New Hypsometrical Maps of the U.S.S.R. 
Reliable hypsometrical maps of this large territory are very necessary for many 
branches of science; but since only relatively small parts have been the subject of 
regular topographic surveys, the preparation of the maps has involved an immense 
amount of research carried on in the last 25 years. ‘Phe maps for which the author is 
responsible and which were exhibited are as follows :— 
1. Hypsometrical Map of the European Territory of the U.S.S.R., 1 : 2,500,000, in 
six sheets, of which two of the three western sheets are presented. Fifty years ago a 
hypsometrical map of European Russia south of the 60° parallel was constructed by 
A. Tillo. On this map the relief depended on about 51,385 altitudes. For the new 
map a very much greater number have been determined or collected and checked. 
Thus, in the sheet including Leningrad, Moscow and Kieff, some 50,000 points were 
utilised ; moreover, this sheet includes most of the strip of regular surveys along the 
western border of the U.S.8.R. On the other hand, the sheet to the north—mostly 
Karelia and Archangel—has only 570 reliable altitudes. These two sheets are now 
ready for printing; and the third of the western sheets—including the Black Sea 
coast and western Caucasus—is now drawn. 
2. Hypsometrical map of the whole of the U.S.S.R., 1: 12,000,000. This map was 
first published in 1914 and it was used by Bartholomew in preparing the map of 
Siberia on a smaller scale in the ‘ Times Atlas.’ The edition now presented has been 
completely revised for the Climatological Atlas of the U.S.S.R. now in preparation. 
It offers the best picture of the relief which can be made with the existing data. 
Capt. J. G. WirHycomBE. 
The Ordnance Survey, from its birth, has aimed at mapping all natural and 
artificial features up to the limit possible at the scale in question. Our maps are, 
then, general purpose maps, and although they offer an excellent basis for training 
in accurate and scientific method generally, they do not illustrate fully any one 
particular geographical aspect. 
Amongst our recent publications are two historical maps—Roman Britain and 
Seventeenth-century England. These are good examples of special purpose maps. 
Geological maps are the most widely used and best known of the ‘ special’ class. 
It is curious that, whilst in the great war no geographical service issued more 
varied types of ‘ special purpose’ maps than did we, in peace Great Britain stands 
behind the Continent in the cartographical illustration of her resources and 
development. 
The present series aims at meeting this reproach in one particular direction, and 
may possibly serve as a model for other similar developments. 
