SECTIONAL TRANSACTIONS.—E. 413 
The collection will provide a cartographical basis for the scientific study of our own 
(i) Land Forms. 
(ii) Settlement Forms in relation to Land Forms. 
(iii) Special Settlement Forms (cities, ports, &c.). 
(iv) Land Utilisation (Pastoral and Agricultural Forms). 
The complete work will thus consist of four series each containing 12-15 sheets. 
Each series will have an introduction, and there will be a general introduction to the 
work as a whole. 
Each individual sheet will be made up from Ordnance Survey maps as ordinarily 
published, but the ‘ map-area ’ will not necessarily coincide with any individual sheet. 
The areas are selected as being ‘ typical,’ each ‘ map-area ’ representing a single type 
feature, or simple combination of type-features. Thus only so much of the topography 
shown on the map will be printed as is relevant to the typical forms under discussion. 
The map-sheets, in fact, will be ‘ analytical abstracts ’ of published Ordnance Survey 
maps, though they will embody certain special features and special ways of 
emphasising, cartographically, the points at issue. 
Besides the ‘ map-areas,’ each published sheet will include an explanatory text 
(with bibliography) and illustrations (views, sections, diagrams, &c.). Hach sheet 
will thus present a scientific analysis and exposition of some typical form of the 
geographical landscape. 
The work is being compiled by a committee of university geographers aided by 
contributors from various universities and colleges, and it will supersede the foreign 
works of a similar nature which have so far been available. The Ordnance Survey will 
reproduce. 
Wednesday, September 30. 
Prof. J. H. Wettineton.—Land Utilisation in South Africa. 
Dr. C. Fenner.—The Structural and Human Geography of South Australia. 
The State of South Australia is bounded on three sides by mathematical lines : 
on the west by longitude 129° E., on the north by latitude 32° S., and on the east by 
longitude 141° E. The southern boundary is an irregular and considerably broken 
coastline extending obliquely from 32° S. south-easterly to 38° §8. The State thus 
lies marginally between the permanent high pressure trade wind zone on the north, 
and the belt of circling highs and lows that marks the polar front along the south. 
For these reasons the northern continental portion constitutes an arid, uniform, and 
sparsely settled area of 295,000 square miles, with a rainfall of 10 inches or less per 
annum, mostly summer and monsoonal. The southern portion open to the oceanic 
influences from the west is a varied and fertile area of 85,000 square miles, with 
reliable winter rains from 10 inches to 45 inches according to locality. 
Just as the State is, from the climatic point of view, marginal between two highly 
contrasted belts on the north and south, so, from the structural point of view is it 
marginal between two equally contrasted geological regions on the east and west. 
The western portion is dominated by the great stable Westralian shield of ancient 
erystalline rocks, with uniform physiographic features ; on the east it enters into the 
less stable, younger, and more varied rock types and structures of Eastern Australia. 
Between the two is a broken zone or ‘shatter-belt,’ heavily faulted, with much 
differential uplift and depression, giving us the mountains, plains, and gulfs that 
dominate the geography of South Australia and, indeed, make possible the existence 
here of a relatively closely settled province. 
Tn Pre-Miocene times the whole area of the State, which then continued further to 
the southward, became a very complete peneplain. During the Miocene the southern 
portion of this level area was submerged by the sea; this was followed by uplift in 
the Pliocene, and in Pleistocene to Recent times there was considerable block-faulting, 
some warping and sagging, and differential movements along fault lines (the 
“Kosciusko Epoch’). The most important economic areas are those to the south 
of the Gawler-Olary upwarp. 
To this area in 1836 came the small body of pioneers who founded the province, 
and these have steadily increased to 600,000 at the present day. A study of the 
