SECTIONAL TRANSACTIONS.—H. 449 
eS ae 
stances Austinian sanction (which comes later, and itself depends on a free cooperation 
for its enforcement) has no place. Each finds his own living in the communal life 
and contributes his service in accordance with the scheme into which he is born and 
_ which he takes for granted. The scheme itself is, like language, discovered rather 
- than made, and is not understood; essentials and unessentials are confused and the 
whole regarded as a gift of the gods, acts and forbearances being regarded as religious 
obligations. Dharma derives from dhri, to maintain: and voués was a pasture and 
a portion long before véuo: were deliberately made. Delinquency involves a bad 
karma or nemesis falling sometimes on the community, which may expiate it by 
killing the delinquent. Theconception of law appropriate to such life is that underlying 
the Anglo-Saxon @ (which is the earliest English word of law, and cognate with aye, 
for ever), and the English word law, from Danish lagu and cognate words, i.e., that 
which is laid down or settled like a lake or sedimentary rock. 
4. Society—Even communal life demands a certain amount of specially-concerted 
initiative, and religion assigns recognised duties to the divine chief. But routine is 
essential to communal life, and dislocation of it elicits a more thoroughly intellective 
_ process. This is most easily effected by submission to a dictator, who assigns duties 
to members of the society in accordance with a scheme which he devises as likely 
_ to be effective to the special end. The predatory life is a conspicuous illustration, 
but the same applies to all new adventure and progress. Socretas derives from the 
Same root as sequi, to follow, and épx7 means initiative. Later comes the deliberately 
selected lex, which is rather the creator than the creature of settled dispositions and 
which, at least until these are set, requires sanction to supply an incentive to those 
who are not sufficiently interested in the social end as to act without collateral induce- 
ment. Intermediate or concurrent, but starting earlier than the legislative period, 
is the deliberative assembly which decides or witnesses the decision of what is indicated 
as the right thing to do, either in respect of future plans or in dealing with someone 
who has done amiss. Hence we get the idea of 5fn, what is, or what ought to be, 
indicated as the right, i.e. straight, road to where you want to get. Decisions, unless 
conspicuously unfortunate, are apt to become precedents in similar circumstances. 
Habit grows in the body politic as in the individual. Man’s rational nature looks to 
find some presiding genius or logical principle behind, and giving consistency to, 
these decisions—a god of justice, a law of nature, etc. But such is not easily found 
even in these days, and the discovery is fragmentary. ‘The English common law 
consists of half a dozen obvious propositions, but unfortunately no one knows what 
hey are.’ 
5. The Group Mind.—A group mind is constituted by an articulation of individual 
‘interests causing individuals to act as a group. Groups of all kinds are forming 
and dissolving incessantly, but special interest attaches to groups which maintain 
their identity although the individuals change. The fact that this can happen shows 
that the integration must be at the objective, and not at the subjective, end of ex- 
perience. As a shareholder in the G.W.R., I may have the same objective interest 
as an unknown allottee long dead; but, apart from the fact that both he 
and I value dividends and consider the G.W.R. a good investment, we are 
stinct individuals. So, too, directors, engine drivers, etc., succeed one another 
in office, and by reason of their articulate interests keep the company going although 
they are separate individual subjects and have countless different interests which 
may articulate into all kinds of other groups, ephemeral or persistent, according to 
circumstances. Thus, the psychological implications of a persistent group is that 
1 number of interests shall be organically interdependent and that there shall be a 
supply of individuals having those interests. Such a supply is secured by the operation 
of heredity and education and by the vesting of the relevant interests in individuals 
hus disposed to value them. In the case of primitive man, speaking perhaps a 
holophrastic language, without free ideas with which to manipulate and elaborate 
hought, in hourly touch with his fellows and with no one else, it is easy to see how 
istible a long and universally held tradition must be. For whatever else the 
ition may include, it clearly must include a scheme of cooperation which supplies 
__ My present paper brings a very urgent proposition and suggestion to all physical 
anthropologists to collect data on ethnic pathology and on nutrition of people living 
1931 Ga 
