450 SECTIONAL TRANSACTIONS.—H. 
under primitive conditions, and to collect data as to the pathology of the different 
racial types amongst white people. 
The total gain of the scientific efforts of Physical Anthropology is not altogether 
satisfactory ; during the last decades an amazing number of figures, measurements, 
indices, angles, etc., has been collected all over the world, yet the most important 
and interesting part, the pathology of primitive people and the pathology with regard 
to the different anthropologic types, has been almost entirely neglected, and the same 
holds true with regard to the study of nutrition of primitive people and comparison 
with the nutrition of highly-civilised peoples. Yet this is a branch of Anthropology 
which may be of utmost importance and really practical utility with regard to the 
health status of the civilised peoples. 
The many splendid experiments and studies on diet and disease, on the different _ 
deficiency diseases, on the occurrence of several diseases amongst primitive people 
living under special conditions and, further, the investigations on decay of teeth and 
food, the occurrence of some diseases amongst highly-civilised peoples, show us — 
that the environmental factors seem to have a much greater importance and that in _ 
all probability the really racial factors in ethnic pathology, i.e. factors determined by 
heredity, are very few, if any at all, and that some of the apparent differences in this 
respect amongst the various peoples and races of our globe are due in the main to 
environmental factors. 
Some work in this line has been done already (India), yet much more could be 
done if the travelling anthropologists instead of focussing their whole attention on 
measurements, many times of doubtful value, would collect data on the following 
items: climatic conditions of the respective place—the standard requirements of 
normal adult persons with regard to the composition of food, cereals, fat, meat, sugar, 
salt, etc.—the amount of food consumed fresh and the amount of food prepared by — 
boiling, baking, etc., i.e. with due regard to the accessory food substances—the intake 
of stimulants, spices, etc.—the same with regard to growing children and data on 
breast feeding—the average height and weight of adult persons—the respective racial 
type—the average height and weight of children according to age and sex—the routine 
medical examination, with special reference to acute infectious diseases and immunity 
—nutritive and deficiency diseases with regard to native food—occurrence of rickets © 
with regard to nutrition and seasonal changes, and of osteomalacy with special regard 
to environment—diseases of joints, bones and muscles, diseases of alimentary canal 
and of the respiratory system—diseases of blood and vascular organs and the question 
of blood pressure in primitive people—diseases of the nervous system and forms of 
insanity—diseases of generative organs and midwifery—diseases of skin, abnormalities 
in pigmentation and scar formation—malignant neoplasmata—diseases of the eye, nose 
and ear—diseases of teeth and gums, especially decay of teeth, involvement of the 
different teeth, occurrence of alveolar pyorrhoea, wearing down of crowns under 
physiologic conditions, etc., etc. 
With regard to tuberculosis, the simple cutaneous tuberculin test in small children 
should be always made, for it gives a very good idea as to the extent of frequency of 
tuberculous infection in a community, and the same holds true for the simple tests 
for syphilis, the flocculation tests (although they are, of course, not as exact as the 
routine complement fixation tests, yet for field work they suffice). 
Amongst civilised peoples there is a great need for collecting exact data as to the 
pathology of the different types of human communities to determine exactly the 
occurrence of diseases amongst nordic types, alpine, mediterranean types, ete. To 
this end especially, all the post-mortem examinations, which render the most exac 
diagnoses should always bring data on the racial type, and this same should be done i 
examining for instance, drafted men, schoolchildren, students, etc. We have already 
enormous numbers of anthropologic observations amongst the classes mentioned 
yet unfortunately, with few exceptions, they bring us, in addition to some very interest 
ing data on the racial composition of large populations, also a mass of almost usel 
figures. Opportunities for studying the health status of large communities, with du 
regard to their social status and, together with it, with regard to their racial charac 
ters, have, unfortunately, with a few exceptions, been omitted. 
Prof. C. Daryii Forpr.—Hopi Agriculture and Land Ownership. 
Hunting and gathering have played little part in Hopi economy, while the herd 
of sheep they have reared since Spanish times are insignificant compared with thos 
