466 SECTIONAL TRANSACTIONS.—I, J. 
Problems of resuscitation after arrest of the heart; massage of the heart—aim, 
methods and results; cardiac and respiratory stimulants; the duration of action, 
and methods of administration, of adrenaline. 
The treatment of asphyxia neonalorum ; a description of a modification of Buist’s 
method of performing artificial respiration in the new-born child. 
SECTION J.—_PSYCHOLOGY. 
Thursday, September 24. 
(Section meeting in two divisions.) 
Division 1. 
Prof. C. W. Vatentine.—The Methods of Experiment and Observation in 
the Psychology of Early Childhood, with some Results. 
1. Simple experiments can be used more frequently than supposed in the course 
of everyday observation of infant development. Occasional observations as to — 
sensory-motor development, reflexes, &c., are often unreliable. 
2. Experiments may supply conditions never found in the course of everyday 
observation. Examples :— 
(i) Experiments on the learning of names of geometric forms apprehended (a) by 
sight; (b) by touch, blindfolded. 
(ii) Experiments on colour discrimination and colour preference. : 
3. Observation is essential on the other hand because some aspects of development _ 
(especially instinctive and emotional) can hardly be experimented upon. Thus, — 
though experiments on fear have been devised, the richest material for the under- 
standing of sympathy, self-assertion, anger, pugnacity, self-display, comes from z 
careful everyday observation. j 
4, Examples of results of such observations, showing :— 
(a) The distinction between anger and pugnacity at two or three years. 
(6) The clear distinction between self-assertion and self-display. . 
(c) Sympathetic response to genuine pain cry at one or two years, but detection 
of pretended cry. 
(d) Active sympathy at two years. 4 
(e) Jealousy and affection in reference to other children and to parents. ‘i 
Though generally favourable conditions may be arranged for such observations, an _ 
attempt at exact experiment is apt to lead to artificiality which defeats the purpose 
of the experiment. But for such observations impartiality and psychological training 
are essential. ¢ 
5. Observation is also essential because some mental capacities at their earliest — 
dawn seem to depend on the energy supplied by spontaneous momentary interest. — 
Hence abilities appear at first sporadically and may fail to appear in a series of experi- 
mental tests. Examples: The beginnings of language, the use of numbers, the 
grasping of relations. 
Prof. BratricE En@eti.—A Qualitative Study of the Memory Reports given 
at different intervals about the same Originals. 
The original objects to be remembered were coloured reproductions, postcard size, 
of illuminations from a British Museum MS. Each picture represented people engaged | 
in some occupation proper to a given season of the year, e.g. hay-making, falconry. 4 
These pictures were shown for thirty seconds each. The observer was asked to 
write out an ‘immediate ’ memory report of the picture, giving all the detail he coul 
recall. He was allowed to draw any sketch or plan that would aid his descriptive 
report and to name colours by reference to a graded selection of hues, tints and shad 
available for his inspection. The pictures were not shown again, but memory repo 
were asked for after an interval of one month and again after three months. Sixteen — 
persons took part in the experiment, and eight of them wrote additional repo 
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