SECTIONAL TRANSACTIONS.—J. 479 
anger, surprise, disgust, complacency, coyness, &c. This accords with the evidence 
of Burt and others, who found, when they attempted to assess the character of the 
same individual in an interview, that their judgments on simple emotional qualities, 
like timidity and cheerfulness, were far more consistent than their judgments on 
other qualities. (iv) Subsidiary experiments showed how the influence exerted by 
the several features on the whole facial expression differs in different expressions. 
For example, whereas a frowning brow dominates the expression of anger, a raised 
upper lip dominates the expression of disgust. These experiments confirmed the 
detailed results obtained by Frois-Wittmann and the general observations of Bell 
and Darwin. (v) There is evidence that in situations where a person tends to 
experience feelings which he or society condemns (e.g. a tinge of pleasure in another's 
misfortune) the face sometimes betrays the fact. (vi) A problem requiring more 
detailed discussion than it has hitherto received is: Granted that each emotion has 
its own characteristic facial expression, why is it expressed by just that facial pattern 
and not by another ? 
Dr. H. Banister.—Sentiment and Social Organisation. 
Dr. Mies and Mrs. RapHart.—tIndustrial Psychology in U.S.S.R. 
The attitude towards vocational guidance and selection in Russia is influenced 
by the fact that due to the recent immense increases in industrialisation there is a 
great shortage of workers. Both young and older novices need vocational advice, 
and training. All jobs are open to men and to women, and strenuous attempts 
are made to place workers in suitable occupations so that the present heavy labour 
turnover can be reduced. 
The Soviet has thoroughly accepted the principles of industrial psychology, and 
as nearly all enterprises are State-controlled this means that psycho-technical methods 
are applied on a large scale. 
For example, there are the Railway Psycho-technical Laboratories. The Moscow 
branch alone employs twenty-five psychologists and ten statisticians, and tests all 
prospective railway employees in the Moscow district. Work is also done on 
rationalisation and analysis of accident causation. For these purposes the State 
gives a grant which in 1932 is half a million and in 1933 will be one million roubles. 
There are eighteen similar railway psycho-technical laboratories throughout the 
country. Work is conducted on a similar scale in other occupations. The Tramways 
and Motor Psycho-technical Laboratory tests all car and tram drivers before they are 
allowed a licence, and the recently formed Post Office Psycho-technical Laboratory 
is devising tests for all postal employees. 3 
Vocational guidance is given to all children leaving school. There are various 
research centres (for example the Institute of Hygiene of Labour at Leningrad), and 
the methods they advise are applied throughout the country. The Institute of Hygiene 
of Labour is also conducting extensive research on all problems connected with the 
environmental conditions of labour—ventilation, lighting, glare, dust, &c., and the 
results are given practical application in factories. 
Interesting work is also being done at the Central Institute of Labour, where a 
study is made of the most efficient working methods. Picked men are taught these 
methods, and go out to various factories to act as centres for training and improvement 
of technique, and as leaders of ‘ shock brigades.’ 
The value of training is fully realised. For instance, the technical school of the 
new ball-bearing factory started with a thousand pupils three months before the 
factory was due to open. 
But for the psychologist visiting the U.S.S.R. the most interesting observations 
are the methods used by the Soviet for the propagation of their doctrine and the 
motivation and incentives provided. 
The ‘ glory of labour’ is everywhere emphasised. Workers are instilled with the 
idea that they are the owners of their work, and that they must labour fully not only 
for themselves but for their fellow workers. They are encouraged by posters, plays, 
radios, honours, and special ‘shock brigades,’ and the comparative effectiveness of 
these various stimuli are carefully observed. 
It is interesting to note that enthusiasm for industrial psychology is probably 
stronger in the U.S.S.R. than in any other country. 
