262 REPORTS ON THE STATE OF SCIENCE, ETC. 
notably different. At Nibutani, Piratori, Mukwa, and Shiraoi, it is possible 
to tell at a glance what kamui are betokened by the number, kind, and position 
of inau at the inau-san shrine. 
The inmau, which may perhaps on occasion take the place of living 
sacrifice, appear to be especially associated with the ramat of Ainu ancestors. 
For defence against certain kinds of wen kamui (evil spirits), they are mobilised 
in companies of six, each with its chief, sapane guru, armed with a sword, 
represented by a slip of wood. Among many kinds of trees selected for 
inau, the willow, as a tree of life, is prominent. Shutu inau are made of 
willow when stuck in the corners of the hearth, sacred to Kamui Fuchi, 
divine ancestress and deity of the home fire, through whom all communica- 
tions with the dead are made. 
Besides the domestic kamui are ‘those without,’ the good—i.e. useful— 
deities of the zmau-san or outer shrine, or altar. Here we encounter much 
difference between those of north and south, and some difference between 
those of different villages. 
In some of the northern villages it was rather surprising to find that the 
sacred (ceremonial) window, rorun puyara, at the head of the hearth is not 
oriented invariably towards the east, as in southern districts, but faces the 
direction of current in a river, the assumed source of a food supply. As 
if to compensate for inattention to the rising sun, there is more regular 
worship of the sun at the zmau-san, inau-shelf or fence, the family altar 
everywhere situated outside the sacred window, whence the ramat of bene- 
ficent kamui communicates with Kamui Fuchi at the hearth and gives help 
and comfort to the inmates. } 
Amongst various interesting magico-religious expedients already fading 
away, mention should be made of the bull-roarer, recorded by Dr. Munro 
at Shiraoi fifteen years ago. 
Finally—lest. this report grow over-long—it should be mentioned that 
Dr. Munro took from dictation about 70 or 80 innono-itak, for which the 
word ‘ prayer’ seems not inappropriate. Most of the imnono-itak are as 
logical, on the given premises, as the prayers of higher religions, and as apt 
to vary as the latter do outside of a prayer-book. 
BLOOD GROUPING. 
Report of Committee appointed to investigate blood groups among the Tibetans 
(Prof. H. J. FLeure, Chairman; Prof. R. Ruccies Gates, F.R.S., 
Secretary ; Dr. J. H. Hutton, C.1.E., Mr. R. U. Sayce). 
DuRING the past year arrangements were made for obtaining blood groups 
of Tibetans. A small quantity of serum was sent from England for testing 
the serum produced by the Haffkine Institute in Bombay, India. A 
quantity of tested serum was then sent from India to the Medical Officer 
at a hospital in Gyantse, Tibet, but the results have not yet been received. 
A few results have been received, together with photographs, of tests 
made on Eskimos by a Canadian expedition to Pond’s Inlet, Baffin Land, 
in 1931. These are of greatest interest in showing that the blood groups 
confirm the evidence of crossing with Europeans obtained from the photo- 
graphs. Serum sufficient for testing 200 has been sent to the Canadian 
Government Expedition which recently sailed from Montreal for Hudson 
Bay to study the inland Eskimos in the tundra region west of Hudson Bay. 
