314 SECTIONAL TRANSACTIONS .—C. 
This, combined with the fact that they contain nymphza pollen, would 
indicate a marshy land surface. From this point upwards there are various 
alternating layers of dark and lighter coloured material, most of which is 
well humified. There is a sharp line of demarcation between the peat and 
the upper boulder-clay. 
The pollen analyses show that the chief tree species present are Pinus 
and Betula, the lower layers containing from 60 to 80 per cent. of the former 
and from 25 to 35 per cent. of the latter. In the upper layers the position 
is reversed, the Betula rising to over 60 per cent., while the Pinus falls to 
under 20 per cent. Alnus and Quercus occur throughout the profile, and 
in the upper layers Ulmus and Corylus are also found. ‘The marked change 
in the Pinus and Betula figures about half-way up the section accompanies 
a change in the character of the peat, and would seem to indicate a marked 
change of climate. 
The frequency of the pollen is low in all cases. 
The upper, red, boulder-clay is the bottom moraine of the ‘ Strathmore ’ 
ice-sheet which, at this locality, had a north-easterly movement ; the over- 
lying gravels are fluvio-glacial and were deposited during the retreat of 
this second ice-sheet. 
Mr. M. B. Cotswortu.—The glacial cause of changing climates (12.0). 
Since the present author’s paper on changing climates at the meeting in 
1906, so much more information concerning changes of climate has been 
gathered in Alaska, Canada, Western Asia, West Africa and other countries, 
that it seems advisable that the evidence of geologists, climatologists and 
government surveyors should be co-ordinated by a Research Committee 
appointed by the British Association to consider and report upon this world- 
wide subject, which has developed beyond the scope of individual research. 
Official photographs are produced showing that great glaciers in 
Alaska have been melted back at the rate of about half a mile per year. 
The Sahara Desert has been drifting southwards across the Nigerian 
boundary. The Dead Sea has been dried up so far by evaporation that 
Jericho is now many miles north of the river Jordan’s outfall into the Dead 
Sea. 
Palestine has become more arid, as have all the countries northward to 
the Siberian Railway. Similar changes are progressing in South Africa 
and Australia. 
From such indications the writer forms the opinion that the gravitational 
weight of the increasing Ice-cap in Greenland, Baffin Land, etc., indicates 
that the Glacial Period is continuous and that its variations during many 
thousands of years dry up vast areas while other parts are increasingly 
watered and renewed by the very slow but ever varying changes of climate. 
Dr. C. A. Mattey.—A 50-ft. platform in North Wales. (‘Taken as read.) 
An account is given of a 50-ft. platform or terrace which is well developed 
on the Lleyn Peninsula (Carnarvonshire) around Pwllheli, Llanbedrog, 
Abersoch, Llanengan, Afon Wen, etc. A similar feature is believed to be 
present at both ends of the Menai Straits and at Llandudno. 
Its inner margin stands at about 50 to 56 ft. O.D. and it slopes gently 
seaward. It consists largely of gravels and sands with much glacial material ; 
no organisms or artifacts have been found in it. Its age is discussed with 
reference to the glacial history of the Lleyn Peninsula and its relation to 
the glacial overflow channels of that area. In part the terrace abuts against 
