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SECTIONAL TRANSACTIONS.—E. 333 
Organisation of this kind is developing a sense of personal possessions and 
is tending to group the people in larger settlements. ‘These and other 
results are briefly discussed. 
Prof. F. DrseENHamM.—An Eskimo kayak voyage to Aberdeen (10.30). 
In the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries there were several 
occasions on which Eskimo in kayaks were observed by the islanders off 
the Orkneys. In one case, an Eskimo reached Aberdeen, where he was 
either driven ashore or captured at sea. He died after a few days, and his 
kayak and hunting equipment are now in the Museum in the Department of 
Anatomy at Marischal College. 
The evidence for these voyages is analysed and the route and methods 
employed in making the voyages are suggested. The evidence is too slight 
to allow of more than a vague suggestion as to the reasons for Eskimo coming 
to the East in this way. 
The seaworthiness of the kayak is an important point in the evidence, 
and this is illustrated by films of Eskimo and Englishmen using the kayak 
both in East Greenland and on an English river. 
Discussion on previous communications (11.0). 
Dr. Evspet W. Mitne.—Irrigation in Norway (11.20). 
The mountains and glaciers of the Jostedal, Jotunheim and Hardanger 
groups cause precipitation from the moisture-bearing westerly winds, so 
that a marked rain-shadow area covers the valleys of Upper Gudbrandsdalen 
and Inner Sognefiord. Within this area the period March to mid-July has 
very low precipitation, whilst summer temperatures are high in the valleys, 
owing to their depth, narrowness and rocky walls, so that evaporation is 
great. On the lighter and more porous soils, especially where these occur 
on steep slopes, crops cannot be grown without irrigation. In the eastern 
part of the area the farmland lies above the larger streams, and water must 
be led from plateau streams and glaciers by long, carefully adjusted canals. 
In the western part of the area sources are more accessible, but the farmland 
is so flat as to introduce difficulties. Distribution is by a network of small 
canals and runnels, adjusted to the slope, soil and crop of the fields to be 
irrigated, and a technique of irrigation designed to minimise the risk of soil 
erosion has been developed. 
Irrigation is normally stopped in July, but in regions with very unfavour- 
able conditions of soil and climate it is continued throughout the growing 
season. 
Mr. S.J. K. Baker.—The social geography of Western Uganda (11.40). 
The western highlands of Uganda present a complex environment which 
has in the past proved attractive both to the cultivator and to the pastoralist. 
Apart from the numerically negligible pygmy people there are two main 
elements in the population of this region. In the first instance a Bantu 
population established itself in the land and its members gained their 
livelihood mainly by the cultivation of the soil. More recently a strongly 
“Hamitic ’ element has entered and, with a different regional experience 
behind it, has seized upon the pastoral potentialities of the extensive grass- 
lands. The pastoralists appear to have been accepted as overlords by the 
earlier inhabitants, and there has thus arisen an order of society in which 
a Bantu peasantry is dominated by a pastoralist aristocracy. 
