334 SECTIONAL TRANSACTIONS.—E. 
In Ankole physical conditions have allowed the incomers to maintain 
their old way of life unimpaired, and the two elements have, to their mutual 
detriment, remained racially and socially distinct. Farther north, in Toro 
and Bunyoro, with a physical character less favourable to the pastoral 
mode of life, the invaders have been unable so completely to preserve their 
identity, and a greater degree of fusion between the two elements has taken 
place. It is of some significance in this connection to notice that the 
kingdom of Bunyoro has achieved a higher order of social and political 
cohesion than its neighbour Ankole, though the achievements of Buganda 
have not been equalled in any of the western kingdoms. 
Mr. W. Focc.—Villages and sugs in the High Atlas mountains of Morocco 
(12.10). 
Discussion on previous communications (12.30). 
AFTERNOON. 
Mr. J. N. L. Baker— Distribution of population in India according to the 
census of I93I (2.30). 
Dr. A. Geppes.—Bengal : aspects of its human geography (3.0). 
Upon the rice plain of Bengal the phenomena of race and culture still 
show affinities with those preserved in the tracts of hill country around it. 
These phenomena have, further, been influenced by (a) the local conditions 
of environment, affecting the mode of life there ; (6) natural routes both 
by river and by land, especially over the flood-free Old Alluvium ; (c) posi- 
tions and sites favouring the rise of major settlements. While local 
conditions have influenced the distribution of tribes and lower castes, 
routes show marked relationship to the distribution of higher castes and of 
religious sects. Re-reading of physical and historic data seems to show 
that the western arm of the Ganges (Bhagirathi-Hughli) was important less 
because of the volume of its waters (as generally believed) than because of 
its position, the Padma (or E. Ganges) having long flowed E.S.E. and not 
being a ‘ new’ river, as is sometimes assumed. ‘The movement of rivers is 
important to-day as in the past. It is now generally recognised that an 
abundant flow of river water is necessary to good crop production and 
peasant prosperity (with fish as protein food), and also to freedom from 
severe malaria and its associated high mortality. 
Discussion on previous communications (3.30). 
Tuesday, September 11. 
Prof. W. N. Benson.—Land forms in S.E. New Zealand (10.0). 
A series of younger sediments rest on the planed surface of ancient sedi- 
ments and schists. A newer peneplain cuts with gentle obliquity across the 
younger sediments. Over part of its surface it has been covered by a thick 
and varied series of lava-sheets. Crust-folding occurring before, and during, 
the eruptions culminated after the volcanic activity ceased and was accom- 
panied by faulting, the movements being continued into recent times. The 
present drainage system, partly antecedent to the folding, and partly conse- 
quent on the dislocated surface, has been modified by drowning. ‘There 
