SECTIONAL TRANSACTIONS .—E. 335 
are minor effects attributable to recent uplift. The accordance between 
structure and topography is illustrated by several dissected block-diagrams. 
Prof. G. B. Barsour.—Physiography of Fehol, N. China (10.45). 
Prof. C. B. Fawcetr.—The relations between the advance of science (in 
geography) and the life of the community (11.30). 
(1) The end of the nineteenth century saw the practical completion of 
major exploration of the earth, and geographers were able to turn their 
attention to the systematisation of their knowledge, and the search for 
general principles. So the twentieth century has been marked by the 
rise of regional geography. MHerbertson’s essay on The Major Natural 
Regions, published in 1908, is a chief landmark. 
Geographical work has been aided by several practical improvements, 
among which the International 1: 1,000,000 map is prominent. It was 
begun about 1911 and is still far from complete, but it is an important 
result of systematic co-operative work, and it has stirnulated both research 
in, and applications of, geography. 
(2) The advance in detailed knowledge has helped to bring into use, or 
extend the use of, many materials which were not before known, or were 
known only in small quantities. "The increased evidence of the inter- 
dependence of all the phenomena with which geography deals has done 
much to aid the trend towards a systematic planning for the human utilisa- 
tion of the earth’s resources, and to develop a mental attitude favourable 
towards synthesis and co-operation as a necessary advance from the extreme 
specialisation and competition of the nineteenth century. 
(3) Fuller knowledge, and action based on it, could in many cases have 
prevented waste of human and material resources. Familiar examples 
are: (a) the lack of maps for the South African War, and for other purposes ; 
(6) the inadequate knowledge of tidal and other movements in the sea waters 
which reduced the efficiency of fisheries and of navigation ; (c) the lack of 
accurate knowledge of our freshwater resources which might have been of 
great value in this year’s drought. In such cases the defect has been rather 
a failure to apply, and where necessary to extend, existing knowledge than 
entire absence of knowledge. 
(4) The developments of means of communication such as the auto- 
mobile and the airplane, particularly the former and the roads due to it, 
have modified nearly all aspects of land transport, and so the localisation of 
industries and the distribution of population. These are also vitally 
affected by the fact that within the present century public authorities have 
become responsible, to a large extent, for housing. 
Prof. G. B. Barsour.—Colour film of Crater Lake (12.30). 
AFTERNOON. 
Excursion to Feughside. 
Wednesday, September 12. 
Mr. A. C. O’DELL.—Population changes in Aberdeenshire from the Union to 
the present time (9.30). 
The purpose of this communication is to trace how far population changes 
are a reflex of the physical environment. The List of Pollable Persons 
