SECTIONAL TRANSACTIONS.—E. 337 
Relatively stable periods were : 
(1) 1795-1825 ; 1806, 24 furnaces ; 17 in blast ; output 22,800 tons. 
(2) 1860-1880 ; 1865, 181 furnaces; 141 in blast ; output 1,160,000 
tons. 
(3) 1903-1913; 1913, 103 furnaces; 87 in blast; output 1,3'70,000 tons. 
Great contrast between the scattered distribution in 1806, when cheaply 
mined coal, usually near the outcrop, was the dominant factor and sufficient 
clayband ore was easily obtained, and the marked concentration in 1865, 
when the location of the furnaces was dominated by blackband ores which 
occurred very locally in the Coal Measures and in the Limestone Coal Group. 
Coatbridge, with outcrops of blackband and splint, had the chief concentra- 
tion, 61 furnaces. Furnaces were also built on all the riewer discoveries : 
on the margin of the Ayrshire coalfield, near the Forth, and west of Glasgow. 
After 1880 home ore was subordinate to imported hematite. Fuel supply 
and relation to steelworks became important. Works closed in the east of 
Scotland, but continued in Ayrshire. Newly developed deeper parts of the 
Lanarkshire coalfield attracted steelworks and supplied splint to Coatbridge 
to smelt iron for them. 
Mr. A. E. Smattes.—The Lead Dales of the Northern Pennines (10.30). 
Lead-mining activity has given distinctive features to the dales of the 
northern Pennines, between the Stainmore Saddle and the Tyne Corridor, 
in addition to the obvious imprint it has left upon the landscape. 
The miners have usually been small-scale farmers also, with the result 
that the pastoral dales farming is of a rather intensive type, with cattle- 
keeping on small-holdings a strongly marked feature. 
The generally high situation of the mines (due to geological factors), 
together with the dual occupation of the miner-farmer, have contributed to 
extend the zone of cultivation and settlement to remarkably -high altitudes 
in these dales, and lead-mining has not obscured the dispersed pattern of 
the pastoral settlement. 
The decline in lead-mining since the ’seventies has been offset only to 
a small degree by development of production of associated minerals, and 
of quarrying. There has been a resultant large and general decrease in 
population, but these dales show a population ‘ residue’ from the lead- 
mining days. 
Although forming a distinctive group, the Lead Dales are not characterised 
by unity of life. This lack of unity is related to the divergent drainage. 
The dale-communities are segregated from each other, and life is orientated 
outwards. The seclusion of the dales is being broken down by the develop- 
ment of communications, which is linking each of them more closely with 
the more important regions outside. : 
Miss FLorENcE C. MiLLer.—Population changes in Wessex in the twentieth 
century (10.50). 
Geologically the area is divided broadly into Chalk and Tertiaries. The 
chalk shows decreases of population with exceptional areas of increase. 
The tertiaries show increases with exceptional areas of decrease. Actually the 
total population affected by decreases is less than that affected by increases. 
An important relation is that between population changes and migration. 
The excess of births over deaths is general. Migration takes place from 
the chalk. It takes place to the tertiaries. It takes place from the Isle of 
Wight. Population migrates from the chalk on account of changes in 
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