338 SECTIONAL TRANSACTIONS.—E, F. 
farming methods. It migrates from the tertiaries on account of losses in 
intensive cultivation. 
Increases in population are usually connected with good communications, 
residential development, permanent military establishments, outgrowth 
from large towns. 
Discussion on previous communications (11.10). 
SECTION F.—ECONOMIC SCIENCE AND 
STATISTICS. 
Thursday, September 6. 
Dr. H. Hamitton.—The changing organisation of the Scottish fare 
industry, 1880-1914 (10.0). 
The economic organisation of the Scottish fishing industry was funda- 
mentally changed in the thirty years before the Great War. Hitherto 
fishing had been widely dispersed all round the coasts of Scotland, and white 
fishing and herring fishing, the two main branches of the industry to-day, 
were undifferentiated, the same boats and the same fishermen taking part 
in both. With the introduction of the steam trawler in 1882 white fishing 
quickly became a highly organised and capitalistic industry, with Aberdeen 
as the greatest fishing port of Scotland. ‘The change in the organisation of 
the herring industry came slightly later and was of a different order. The 
greater mobility of the steam drifter resulted in the amalgamation of the 
various herring fishings into one continuous one extending over nine 
months of the year, while the landing and curing of the catch came to be 
concentrated at a relatively small number of ports which had suitable 
harbour accommodation. Further, the joint-stock method was not favoured, 
and the fishermen continued to own the vessels and the nets as they had done 
in the days of the sailing craft, but the greater cost of the steam vessels made 
it necessary for them to borrow from the banks, from curers, fish salesmen 
and other merchants, who thus came to exercise considerable control over 
the industry. 
Mr. W. H. Marwicx.—The economic development of Victorian Scotland 
(11.0). 
Between 1837 and 1901 Scotland passed from a virtually self-contained 
national economy ‘to an almost regional subordination to that of Great 
Britain. As its basis, the textiles gave place to the heavy constructional 
industries, dependent mainly on export. Trading relations were main- 
tained with the Baltic and North America, and extended to the Orient, 
Africa and South America. 
Scottish economic expansion had been late and rapid ; hence features of 
a paternalist society, fostered by geographical conditions and religious 
teaching, survived from the agricultural regime, notably in the conduct 
of mining and in social provision at many works and factories. ‘These were 
gradually superseded by state intervention. 
Individual enterprise was further modified by the prevalence of partner- 
ships, often ephemeral and sometimes involving complicated interrela- 
tionships. With the enactment of limited liability, joint-stock companies 
