344. SECTIONAL TRANSACTIONS .—F*. 
The chief divisions of visual methods are : 
(1) Charts, graphs and diagrams ; 
(2) Models, mechanical devices and maps ; 
(3) Special systems ; 
(4) Symbols. 
The most commonly used line charts are the plain arithmetic chart, its 
companion, the ratio chart, the Z chart, incorporating the moving annual 
total, and the Gantt chart. The more vivid types such as bar, circle, 
mirror bar, square, etc., are now well known. Maps are used for such 
work as the sales control of a large territory, subdivided into branch office 
areas. Models are generally produced for some special problem, to 
illustrate the operation of several conditions. Special systems, usually 
consisting of signal devices, including coloured discs, tabs, etc., have been 
marketed by several firms for such uses as sales management, operative and 
credit control. Symbols are of more general application and appear 
commonly in propaganda matters, and to simplify numerical facts, as in the 
Neurath technique. 
All these methods have their particular fields of application, and have 
passed through the stage of being regarded as an interesting novelty into 
the condition of useful aids to business executives. 
The application of such methods must always be justified by their superior 
utility to previous methods, and for this reason they require close study 
before use in any given circumstances. 
Mr. Marx Barr. 
Tuesday, September 11. 
OINT Discussion with Section L (Educational Science, g.v.) on The 
4 
planning of a national policy of technical education and industrial 
recruitment (Section L room) (10.0). 
Wednesday, September 12: 
Discussion on The use of the experimental method in the field of 
* Industrial Relations ’ (11.0). 
M. H. DusrevuiL.—Autonomous groups in industry. 
If the industrial concern has not yet reached that state of harmonious 
unity that nature has realised among living beings, the reason is because 
we obstinately seek to push life into it by means of uniform regulations 
which take into account neither the peculiarities of its technological groups 
nor of the existing differences between the individuals of whom the groups 
are composed. Like a living being, the business is nevertheless constituted 
of a congeries of differentiated organs responsible for distinct functions such 
as are performed by the human organs that assure the continuity of our 
existence. That is why human industry, which has already had recourse 
to so many different branches of science, must pursue this progress further 
by applying the laws of a new science for the organisation of its internal 
life. Drawing inspiration from the life of organic beings as revealed by 
the science of biology, industrial organisation will learn the value not 
only of the division of functions but also of their autonomy. ‘ Industrial 
Relations ’ at bottom are not, or at least ought not to be, different in nature 
from organic relations. 
