360 SECTIONAL TRANSACTIONS.—H. 
nor animal: (1) Atree or cloud as totem. (2) Talking insects and flowers. 
(3) People disguised as trees, e.g. Jack-in-the-Green. (4) People changed 
into a flower or a pillar of salt. (5) Gods in stone, etc. (6) A cake or cup 
of wine as a sacrifice. (7) Dice or sticks as omens. (8) A cross or a star 
as an emblem or symbol. 
It would seem that all these phenomena are connected, and are the result 
of a long and complex process of symbolisation—that is to say, the provision 
of ritually effective substitutes. This is the work of religious philosophers, 
and has filtered down to children and savages, whose symbolism, whether 
conscious or unconscious, merely reflects the conventional symbolism of 
their group. 
AFTERNOON. 
Mr. K. P. CuatropapHyay.—The Chadak festival in Bengal (2.0). 
The Chadak puja or festival is celebrated at the end of the Bengali new 
year, in Bengal. It is also found in the Dravidian-speaking tracts of South 
India. No detailed description of the ceremonial has, however, been so 
far available in print. This defect is remedied by the present paper. 
A detailed knowledge of the festival is important from the point of view 
of analysis of Indian social organisation and culture. It represents a 
survival from the pre-Vedic culture in which there was a definite belief in 
resurrection of the dead person. ‘The friends and relatives helped to bring 
back the dead to life and joyfully hailed his return with song and dance. 
The Chadak festival as it is found now can be traced to the older beliefs 
only through the parallel festivals of Manda parab in Chotanagpore, and 
the worship of Dharma or Dharmaraja in Bengal and South India. 
A detailed description of the different parts of the ceremonies was given, 
and the reasons for not discussing their significance at this stage were noted. 
Mrs. H. W. Etcee.—The Megalithic cult of the eastern moorlands of York- 
shire (3.0). 
In this region Megalithic structures comprise the following types : 
(1) Monoliths. (2) Rows or Alignments. (3) Parapets or Stockades. 
(4) Circles. (5) Ovals. (6) Triangles. 
They are associated with barrows and cairns, mostly of Mid-Bronze Age, 
and there is no evidence that any are earlier than the Early Bronze Age. 
The Triangles, or groups of three stones, are a type hitherto unrecognised. — 
That Megaliths were fertility symbols is to be seen in the prevailing belief — 
of the moorland farmers in the efficacy of rubbing-stones, and in the male © 
and female stone gate-posts of their fields. 
Prof. T. F. McILwraitu.—The influence of mythology upon the culture of 
the coastal Indians of British Columbia (4.0). 
Tuesday, September 11. 
Mr. James Cooper CLARK.—An Aztec manuscript known as the Collection of 
Mendoza (10.0). 
The Aztec manuscript known as ‘ the Collection of Mendoza’ is preserved 
in the Bodleian Library and was compiled in 1549 by order of Don Antonio 
de Mendoza, first Viceroy of New Spain, with the intention of conveying 
to His Majesty Charles V some idea, from native sources, of the history, 
manners, and customs of the Indians of his lately acquired possession. 
