SECTIONAL 'TRANSACTIONS.—J. 375 
Emphasis on these features of the process leads to too narrow a view. 
As Dewey has pointed out, the functional similarity of the various situations 
also plays an important part. But there is yet another factor: the place 
of the word itself in the child’s activity. He uses language as a means of 
dealing with his environment in a declaratory or a manipulative fashion. 
From personal observation and the published records of children the 
author shows that these instrumental functions of language are of great 
importance in determining the extended application of the child’s words. 
A complete account of this process must therefore consider the following 
factors : (i) the objective, affective and functional similarities of the various 
situations ; (ii) the declaratory and manipulative uses of language. 
(Full Section Meeting.) 
Dr. Rosa Katz.—Social contact of children speaking different languages 
(4-15). 
There exists a great number of factors influencing social contact between 
children speaking different languages. (1) The structure of the children’s 
community (kindergarten, family, companionship in the streets). (2) Age. 
A young child does not realise the fact that his comrade speaks another 
language. (3) If there exists a rule regulating the community the children 
only need a minimum of words. (4) Social milieu. Children of the lower 
classes apparently do not realise that their comrades speak another language. 
(5) For children to understand one another it is important that their 
languages should be akin. (6) The understanding of the children is in- 
fluenced by their knowledge or ignorance of the fact that they have different 
languages. (7) Some children make use of gesture language. There seems 
to exist a special ability for using gesture language. 
Friday, September 7. 
PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS by Dr. SHEPHERD Dawson on Psychology and 
social problems (10.0). (See p. 183.) 
Prof. G, A. JAEDERHOLM.—The development of conversation in early 
childhood (11.0). 
Dr. W. Brown.—Sleep and hypnosis (12.0). 
A comparison of the hypnotic state with that of natural sleep reveals 
deep-going differences as well as superficial resemblances. Tendon- 
reflexes diminish with the onset of sleep and eventually disappear, but are 
retained in all stages of hypnosis. Voluntary reactions to a given signal 
can occur in hypnosis, but not in sleep. But hypnosis can pass into sleep, 
and sleep into hypnosis, and mental dissociation with amnesia can occur in 
both conditions. Both states may be therapeutically recuperative, and 
both involve increased susceptibility to suggestion. 
Mediumistic trance and cataleptic stupor show close similarities to the 
hypnotic state. Sleep is linked up with other manifestations of these 
states in the phenomenon of dreaming. 
Measurement of the psycho-galvanic reactions in these various states 
throws further light on their psycho-physiological resemblances and 
differences. 
