SECTIONAL TRANSACTIONS .—J. 377 
of health, or to the psychological department if there is doubt as to vocational 
aptitude. The tests used in the psychological laboratory are very briefly 
touched on. Comparison is made with London methods of state vocational 
guidance, and finally a few points of interest which have emerged during the 
present Nazi régime are noted. 
The NationaL INsTITUTE OF INDUSTRIAL PsycHoLoGy.—Results of a 
vocational guidance experiment in Fife (2.45). 
An experiment, financed largely by the Carnegie Dunfermline Trust, 
was conducted for the National Institute by Dr. F. M. Earle, assisted by 
Mr. J. Kilgour and Miss J. Donald. Children, 472 in number, attending 
urban and rural schools in Fife were examined psychologically during session 
1928-29, when the majority were of age 11 or 12. They were re-examined 
at approximately yearly intervals during the subsequent period of school 
attendance. The 378 pupils who had left school by the summer of 1932 
were ‘ followed up’ in their occupations. ‘The town children were on the 
whole superior to the country children in abstract tests but inferior in 
practical tests. 
The correlations of the results of successive applications of the same 
tests vary considerably, the verbal intelligence tests having the highest 
consistency during the age period under review ; and the figures shed light 
on the question of the age at which vocational studies should begin. 
The ‘ follow-up ’ studies yield tentative estimates of the minimal qualifi- 
cations necessary for various kinds of work. The results of the experiment 
would appear to have important bearings on educational practice as well as 
on vocational guidance. 
Mr. C. A. OaKLEY.—Some recent surveys in connection with vocational 
guidance (3.30). 
The ultimate aim in vocational guidance is that every child when leaving 
school should receive advice on the choice of his vocation by psychological 
and other methods. Increasing attention has been given in recent years to 
the establishment of careers masters and mistresses in schools to deal 
with what may be described as the ‘ normal ’ cases. 
Equipping these advisers with the necessary information for carrying out 
this work is therefore a matter of immediate importance, and early in 1933 
two surveys were undertaken as part of a larger scheme. ‘The first survey 
covered all the vocations secondary school children are likely to enter, 
beginning with accountancy and ending with wholesale selling. The chief 
governing or organising professional body was selected in the case of each 
vocation. Altogether there were between seventy and eighty of the bodies. 
The secretaries, education directors or other officers were visited, and as the 
result of many discussions an occupation survey has been prepared in which, 
among other matters dealt with, information about the necessary abilities 
and other qualities is set out in systematic form. 
The second survey was made with the intention of finding out what 
psychological tests for children over eleven years old are at present being 
used in Great Britain. 
Mr. A. Ropcer.—The results of a Borstal experiment tn vocational 
guidance (4.15). 
Four hundred ‘new’ Borstal boys were examined by the National 
Institute of Industrial Psychology at the Wormwood Scrubs Boys’ Prison, 
