396 SECTIONAL TRANSACTIONS.—L. 
equip the young citizen. These are: (1) sex, marriage, and parenthood ; 
(2) citizenship ; and (3). vocation or occupation. ‘These are considered in 
detail. 
The place of biological instruction in the school curriculum. 
The relation of biology to chemistry and physics. 
Biology from the cultural point of view and as a mental discipline. 
Education and the right use of leisure. 
Education, knowledge and conduct. 
‘Modern education requires developing and extending on biological lines 
if it is to enable the young citizen to fully adapt himself to the wider environ- 
ment which civilised life on its human side provides to-day. 
Discussion. (Dr. R. B. CarTEL..) (10.30.) 
Joint SEssION with Section J (Psychology) on Psychological and child 
guidance clinics :— 
Prof. J. DREvER.—The organisation of psychological clinics (11.0). 
Dr. D. R. MacCatman.—The psychiatric aspect of child guidance 
(11.20). 
The task of a child guidance clinic is to encourage the better handling of 
children in general and to provide clinical care for a more highly selected 
group of cases rather than to accept the responsibility for the study and 
treatment of all children presenting behaviour problems. Any approach 
to the solving of personality problems must bé based on an extensive under- 
standing of the individual and on a dynamic and genetic interpretation of 
behaviour. The work of clinics must therefore be grounded on a knowledge 
of the polygenetic factors which lead to any abnormal behaviour. ‘The 
clinic should be so staffed that it can deal with a wide range of educational, 
social and individual problems, and the task of synthesising the approach 
to each case has been delegated to the psychiatrist because his professional 
equipment ensures the most consistent orientation to the total organism. 
While clinics should practise child guidance as an art, just as the physician 
practises the art of medicine—eclectically and with common sense— 
individual clinics must differ widely in their methods of treatment. Some 
are concerned with an attempt by various direct methods to alleviate the 
emotional stresses within the child ; others are more interested in treatment 
which involves relief from physical disorders ; while others again are more 
hopeful of indirect manipulation of the environment. Such clinics, how- 
ever, are more than therapeutic agencies, for they gain a place in social 
evolution because they synthesise the most promising approaches to the 
problems of behaviour and personality in childhood. 
Mr. Rex Knicut.—Child guidance in Aberdeen (11.40). 
The Aberdeen Child Guidance Clinic, which deals, not with mental 
defectives, but with ‘ difficult’ children, was founded in April 1932 by the 
University Lecturers in Psychology and Education, and later its services 
were enriched by the co-operation of a pediatrician, nominated by the local 
branch of the British Medical Association, and of a psychiatrist and a social 
worker, nominated by the Medical Officer of Health. Nearly 100 children 
have been brought to the clinic, either directly by parents or on the recom- 
mendation of teachers or doctors. 
