62 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF ABERDEEN AND DISTRICT 
flat ceiling is divided into sixty-eight compartments by moulded ribs, 
and each compartment again into four severies by subordinate diagonal 
ribs having bosses at the intersections and foliaged cross-arms. At the 
crossings of the main ribs forty-eight heraldic shields are marshalled in 
three lines from east to west. The centre row begins with the reigning 
Pope (Leo X, 1513-21) and continues with the Archbishops and Bishops 
of Scotland ; the northern row begins with the Emperor (Charles V) and 
continues with Kings ; and the southern row with the King of Scotland 
(James V), followed by Scottish nobles. The ceiling, which was probably 
devised by Alexander Galloway, dates from the early years of the second 
decade of the sixteenth century. Referring to it, William Orem, Town 
Clerk of Old Aberdeen, writing early in the eighteenth century, says, 
‘James Winter, an Angus man, was architect of the timber work and 
ceiling of said church.’ Although Winter is a surname not unknown in 
Angus, it is possible that Findour should be substituted for Winter. 
Findour, or Fendour, may be a name of French origin (? Fendeur). 
An example of local carved-oak heraldic work, rather later than the 
ceiling of St. Machar’s, forms the front of the chancellor’s desk in the 
Mitchell Hall, Marischal College. - 
The oak pulpit in King’s College Chapel bears the arms (twice) of 
Bishop William Stewart (1533-45), but only the carved panels (or most 
of them) are ancient ; they were parts of a decayed old pulpit, at one time 
in St. Machar’s, incorporated in this much-altered version of the original, 
known to us from James Logan’s careful drawing. 
A Flemish Gothic chair, very richly traceried, and a valuable collection 
of Aberdeen carved chairs and other furniture of the seventeenth century, 
the property of the Incorporated T'rades, are housed in Trinity Hall. 
Much interesting carved woodwork of the seventeenth century, from the 
old west and east churches of St. Nicholas, is to be seen in St. Mary’s 
Chapel. 
CasTLE-BUILDING.—Kildrummy Castle, a work of national rather than 
of provincial importance, having been exhaustively treated in Dr. W. 
Douglas Simpson’s monograph, needs only to be here mentioned as the 
oldest and the greatest of Aberdeenshire castles. 
The other castles of the district are so numerous and diverse and in 
such various states that in this survey it seems best to concentrate on one 
or two typical examples in good repair. 
The oldest and the most interesting castle near Aberdeen, fit for occu- 
pation and still partly occupied, is the Tower of Drum, roughly 40} by 
514 by 70 ft. high to the top of the battlements. ‘The walls are 12 ft. 
thick at the bottom and 8 ft. at the height of 50 ft. Built of roughly 
concreted granite rubble, with its four corners well rounded, the tower 
contains three storeys, each being vaulted with a pointed barrel vault. 
On the top is the battlemented stage, with its pathway surrounding the 
garret—a house measuring 28 by 40 ft. ‘The battlemented parapet walls 
are high and thick, battered, and oversailing a little. ‘The small corbel 
course under the parapet is the only moulding on the tower. No machi- 
colation occurs, except at a latrine, corbelled out from the pathway. ‘The 
planning and construction are archaic, but carried out with high efficiency 
