780 T. C. CHAMBERLIN 
the water connections of the Pacific and Indian oceans. The 
warm equatorial currents which now flow through the numerous 
straits of the East Indies and add warmth to the Indian Ocean 
were turned back, andthe heaturetained= in themeaciinc ayant: 
the same time the cold currents of the southern Indian and the 
adjacent Antarctic oceans were shut out measurably or wholly 
from the Pacific, and turned northward into the equatorial 
portion of the Indian Ocean. There was thus a concentration of 
heat in the one and of cold in the other. If the suggested con- 
nection of New Zealand with the Antarctic continent was made, 
these cold southern waters would have been effectively shut out 
from the Pacific and forced to circulate through the Indian Ocean. 
If the other conservative changes suggested to meet the demands 
of the Gondwana phenomena were realities, the Indian Ocean 
took the form of a great triangle with a very broad base in the 
antarctic regions, and a narrowed apex reaching across the 
equator to the vicinity of the Indian glaciation. 
In the north Atlantic region there is evidence that the great 
readjustment which closed the Paleozoic era had made notable 
advances at the probable time of the Oriental glaciation The 
New Red Sandstone of western Europe is not unlike the Gond- 
wana series in general characters, and indicates a like reju- 
venated land. Within it also are found arkose, conglomerates 
and breccias, often formed of large, far-transported blocks. 
‘‘Some of these blocks are three feet in diameter, and show dis- 
tinct striation. These Permian drift beds, according to Ramsay, 
cannot be distinguished by any essential character from modern 
glacial drifts, and he has no doubt that they were ice-borne, 
and, consequently, that there was a glacial period during the 
accumulation of the Lower Permian deposits of the center of 
England.” * There is good ground to believe that previous to 
the formation of these deposits the land on the European border 
of the Atlantic had risen relatively. There are similar evidences 
on the American side. The close relations between the land 
faunas and floras on the two continents strongly imply a free 
*S1R ARCHIBALD GEIKIE: Text-Book of Geology, p. 753. 
