822 REVIEWS 
base of the back coast border, covering the present low borders with 
littoral and estuarine formations. 
g. The next and last event was an epeirogenic movement of upward 
phase, amounting to about 800 feet, which raised the submerged bor- 
ders into the present coastal plain. This upward movement may have 
been interrupted by a minor subsidence, in early Pleistocene times. 
There were, therefore, according to this interpretation four distinct 
periods of subsidence after the deposition of the Blue Mountian series. 
(a) The subsidence which preceded the deposition of the Montpelier 
(Oligocene) formation ; (4) the subsidence which preceded the deposi- 
tion of the Bowden (Miocene) formation; (c) the subsidence which 
prepared the way for the Manchioneal (Pliocene) formation, and (d) the 
subsidence which resulted in the deposition of the Pleistocene marine 
formations within the present land area. These four subsidences alter- 
nated with corresponding elevations: the first in the mid-Oligocene 
period, elevating the White Limestone; the second in the late Miocene, 
lifting the Bowden formation; the third in the early Pleistocene, 
bringing up the Pliocene formation ; and the latest, exposing the marine 
Pleistocene. This series of uplifts and depressions constituted a dimin- 
ishing series, being in this respect in consonance with other Antillean 
and with mid-American phenomena. The post-Richmond (early 
Eocene), the post-Moneague (mid-Oligocene, White Limestone), and 
post-Bowden (Miocene) uplifts were orogenic, diminishing, however, 
in their orogenicity. 
In that part of the volume which deals with the relations of the 
Jamaican formations to those of adjacent regions, the author announces 
the general conclusion that the Jamaican sequence is very like that of 
the other islands of the Great Antilles. 
In his summary of the history of the Antillean region the follow- 
ing generalizations are given: 
1. The geology and configuration present no evidence whatsoever 
whereby past land connections can be established between these islands and 
the North and South American lands in Post-Jurassic time, especially in the 
Tertiary, Pleistocene, or recent epochs. 
2. The configuration and condition of these islands in pre-Jurassic time 
cannot even be surmised. 
3. There are some hypothetical and biologic reasons for believing that 
the outer rim of the American Mediterranean constituted a partial or com- 
plete bridge between the continents in Jurassic time, and that the Panama 
bridge did not then exist. 
