828 REVIEWS 
included those which shore action has not modified since the region 
concerned was uplifted or depressed (relative to the surface of the sea). 
Under sequential forms are included those features which are devel- 
oped subsequent to the diastrophic change, by the forces at work 
along the shore. The larger part of the essay is naturally devoted to 
sequential forms. 
The reading of this essay makes several things evident. In the 
first place, Mr. Gulliver has exhausted the literature on the subject 
with which he deals; and, in the second place, he has made diligent 
use of maps. In the use of this material he has gathered a large body 
of facts which he has attempted to interpret and classify. Not only 
this, but he has attempted to interpret and classify them zx ¢erms of 
development, so as to put the topography of shore lines on an equal 
footing with the topography of land surfaces, as an.index of geo- 
graphic evolution. So far aS we are vaware, this is the first-time 
this task has been essayed, and the author is to be congratulated on 
the successful outcome of his study. Geography and geology are the 
gainers, and the future student of coast lines will hardly fail to consult 
this essay. 
In the author’s own words, the thesis of the essay is the following: 
“The forms of any coastal belt may be grouped in the appropriate 
stages of a cycle. These forms will be consistently related to the 
associated land area on the one hand, and to the sea bottom on the 
other. When considered together, the forms of a coastal belt indicate 
the relative time since the last considerable uplift or depression, as 
well as the ratio existing between the several activities, in their 
dynamic effect upon the forms of the coast and the shore.” The 
whole essay is the expansion of this idea. 
In consonance with this mode of treatment of the subject, the 
author has made use of many of the life terms, such as infancy, youth, 
adolescence, maturity, etc., which are now in use in connection with 
the history of rivers. Some of these terms have a new meaning when 
applied to coast lines, and their adoption will be at the cost of some 
mental effort. At the outset it will be necessary to stop to think what 
the terms mean in connection with coast lines, as distinct from what 
they mean when applied to land surfaces in general. This, however, 
is no serious objection to their use. On the first reading of the essay, 
it must be confessed that the use of biological terms sometimes seems 
a little forced. Such objections as may be entered to their use will be 
