204 Dr. Arthur Smith Woodioard — 



no associated evidence of man. He suspected that Bowles was 

 wrong in describing the bone-bed as a regular stratum, and thought 

 it would probably prove to be a breccia introduced into a fissure in 

 oomparatively modern times. 



The true nature and age of the deposit at Concud were first 

 determined by the researches of De Verneuil, Collomb, and De Loriere,^ 

 who not only made geological observations but also collected fossils 

 and submitted them to Paul Gervais. In 1853 Gervais perceived 

 that the supposed teeth of horses and donkeys belonged to the extinct 

 Hipparion ; ^ and it became evident that the basin of Teruel was 

 occupied by an Upper Tertiary lake deposit, closely resembling other 

 lacustrine formations which were then being recognised in various 

 parts both of Spain and France. Ten years later the province of 

 Teruel was systematically surveyed by Vilanova, who published 

 a. pioneer geological map and description ; ^ while in 1885 the 

 province was the subject of a final memoir by Cortazar, issued by 

 the present Geological Survey of Spain.^ All these researches 

 gradually confirmed the impression that the Concud bone-bed con- 

 tained the remains of the same Lower Pliocene mammalian fauna as 

 the well-known deposits of Mt. Leberon, in France, and Pikermi, in 

 Greece.^ 



The remote and elevated plain on which Teruel is situated was 

 made readily accessible last year by the opening of the Aragon 

 Eailway from Sagunto to Calatayud. Being interested in the 

 Pikermi fauna, I therefore decided in the Autumn to spend a brief 

 holiday at Concud and make a preliminary inspection of the ground. 

 Thanks to the kind intervention of A. Frederick Ivens, Esq., British 

 Vice-Consul in Valencia, and E. Harker, Esq., British Vice-Consul 

 in Castellon, I obtained introductions to Senor Don Gregorio Lleo, 

 Chief of the Forest Department in Teruel, to the Provincial Governor, 

 and to the Alcalde of Concud. The friendly reception and help 

 accorded to me by these officers and by the village council of Concud 

 enabled me to attain my object ; and among the villagers themselves 

 I found both willing guides and workmen. I am also much indebted 

 to Mr. Thomas Eees, of the Grao de Valencia, who accompanied 

 myself and my wife, and contributed to our success by his intimate 

 knowledge of the Spaniards and their customs. 



Concud is about three miles distant from Teruel in a northerly 

 direction, and the low hills in which the bone-bed is exposed are 

 nearly two miles further away. These hills are at an elevation of 



^ E. P. de Vemeiiil & E. Collomb, " Coup d'CEil sur la Constitution Geologique 

 de quelques Provinces de I'Espagne": Bull. Soc. Geol. France [2], vol. x (1853), 

 p. 74. — P. Gervais, " Description des Ossements FossUes de Mammiferes rapportes 

 d'Espagne par MM. de Verneuil, Collomb, et de Loriere " : ibid., pp. 147-167, 

 pis. iv-vi. 



^ P. Gervais: loc. cit., p. 155, pi. iv, fig. 4. 



^ .7. Vilanova y Piera : ''Ensayo de Descripcion Geognostica de la Provincia de 

 Teruel" : Junta General de Estadistica, 1863. 



* D. de Cortazar, * ' Bosque jo Fisico-Geologico y Minero de la Provincia de Teruel " : 

 Bol. Com. Mapa Geol. de Espana, vol. xii (1885), pp. 263-607, with map and 

 sections. 



* A. Gaudry: " Animaux Fossiles et Geologie de I'Attique," 1862. 



