Reviews — Bernard^ s Madrejjoi'arian Corals. 



469 



fossil Zoantharia, and is tracing out their existing relationships 

 with the same careful and philosophical attention which he has 

 bestowed upon the living corals. 



In the present volume the author writes (p. 28) : " The 

 Eupsammiidse and Goniopora appear to have arisen in Mesozoic 

 times, the earliest known Gpniopore being from tbe Lower Cretaceous 

 formation of the Crimea, since which time the perforate corals have 

 flourished, belonging for the most part to the Tertiary period." 

 (Earlier corals, claimed to belong to the Poritidse, including Galosiylis, 

 of Lindstrom from the Silurian, have so far not borne the test of 

 examination.) Mr. Bernard then proceeds to deduce the origin of 

 Goniopora and Pontes (forming the Poritidae) and the Madreporidaa 

 from the Eupsammiidse. 



These primitive relationships are illustrated in the following 

 scheme. A primitive porous coral, that is, a parent form in which 

 the epithecal cup, or the prototheca, is flattened out, and the secondary 

 theca is built of septa joined by synapticulge : — 



Simple and simply branching 

 forms. 



Luxuriantly branchingf orms, 

 O'ndng to early budding 

 and consequent dwarfing 

 of the polyps, but with 

 rapid, growth in height of 

 theca. 



Astrseiform colonies, 

 due to early budding 

 while the skeleton is 

 incomplete, basal and 

 disk-shaped. 



The Eupsammiidse.. The Madreporidae. The Poritidse. 



[? Including Turbinakia,] [? Excluding Tukeinaria.] Goniopora. 



By suppression of 

 tertiary septa. 



POBITES. 



The author inserts under " Geographical arrangement of forms " 

 all the fossil genera and species where they appropriately belong. 



Thus at p. 92. Group V, India and Persia, containing descriptions 

 or records of fossil Gonioporce from Sind (1-7), Indus Biner [1), 

 Persia (1-4). 



62. Goniopora, Sind (7) 1 ; and then in what we should consider 

 the synonymy we find : — 



Litharcea epithecata, Dimcan : Sind Fossil Corals, Mem.., Geol. Surv.. India, 1880, 

 p. 23, pL ii, figs. 1-9 ; Geok. Dept. R.. 13, presented Geol. Surv. India. 



A full description follows, and of 11 other, species (pp. 92-99).. 

 Under Ked Sea and Egypt, 3 fossil forms are described (pp. 99- 

 107). Under Italy, fossil Gonioporce are described from Vicenza 

 (1-13), Verona (1-2), Alexandria (1-3), Turin (1-3), Genoa (1-6), 

 (pp. 107-122). Under Austria-Hungary we find Miocene corals 

 from Vienna, Cretaceous from Bohemia, etc. Under France we 

 have many forms from the Miocene of Dax, Gironde, Paris Basin, 

 Coutances, etc. (pp. 128-146). Under England we find fossil 



