44 H. B. KUMMEL 



faults. Elsewhere the Newark beds rest upon the eroded edges 

 of the older rocks. The faulted border is comparatively straight ; 

 the normal border is somewhat crooked. Along the former 

 the shales dip in various directions in respect to the older rocks ; 

 along the latter they follow the trend of the contact and dip 

 away from the older beds. ' In the one case Newark beds of very 

 different horizons adjoin the border ; in the latter they are basal 

 beds. Along the faulted portion the Newark beds were not 

 derived from the immediately adjoining older rocks ; along the 

 normal contact material from the adjacent old formations has 

 entered largely into the newer beds. 



The trap ridges, notably the Palisades and the first and sec- 

 ond of the Watchung ridges, are cut by a number of faults which 

 cross them obliquely. Second Mountain, moreover, is cut by a 

 curving fault which follows the ridge for many miles, producing 

 a double crest and revealing a strip of shale in the valley between. 

 The throws of the faults rarely exceed 200 feet, save in the case 

 of this longitudinal fracture where it is probably 700 feet or over. 

 Owing to the monotonously uniform character of so many of the 

 sedimentary beds, all estimates of the amount of throw are gen- 

 erally unreliable. Faulting is more frequent in the Brunswick 

 and Stockton beds than in the Lockatong group, but the total 

 number observed in all three subdivisions is hardly more than 

 that found in the trap areas. There is good reason for believing 

 that many faults which traverse the sedimentary beds have not 

 been discovered, and perhaps never will be, with the present 

 methods of geological research. With but few exceptions, all the 

 known faults are reverse faults. 



The thickness of the sedimentary beds. — In my earlier papers 

 the following estimate of the maximum thickness of these beds 



was made. 



Stockton, - - - 4,700 feet. 



Lockatong, - - 3,600 " 



Brunswick, - ^ - 12,000 " 



20,300 " 



At that time it was felt that not all these estimates were 



