174 STUDIES FOR STUDENTS 



Tragulidae. — Small forms that began in the Eocene of Europe 

 and spread over nearly all parts of the world in the Miocene and 

 the Pliocene. Tragulns of the East Indies and Hycemoschus of 

 the west African region are still living members of the group. 



The group is highly specialized. The median metapodials 

 alone are functional, the second and fifth are reduced to mere 

 splints at the upper and lower ends of the middle pair. The 

 carpals and tarsals are united in some forms and the metapodials 

 are elongated and united in many of the forms to a cannon bone. 

 The elongation of the limb, due to the length of the metapodials 

 indicates the great running and leaping powers of the form. 

 The upper incisor teeth are wanting and in the males the upper 

 canine is elongate and appears outside of the mouth as a long 

 tusk. 



Lophiomeryx. — Europe, Upper Eocene. 



Prodremotherium. — Europe, Upper Eocene. Remarkable for 

 the slender skeleton and the length of the limbs. 



Gelocas. — -Europe, Oligocene. 



Dremotherium and Amphitragidus. — -Lower Miocene, Europe. 



Dorcatherinm. — Miocene, Europe and Asia. 



Leptomeryx and Hypertragulus. — North America, Miocene. 



Tragulus appeared in the Pliocene of Asia, and Hyaemoschus 

 is unknown from fossil remains. 



Protoceratidae . — A small family resembling in many respects 

 the Tragulidae of the old world. The group is confined to the 

 upper part of the White River formation of the United States. 

 There is only one well-known genus, the Protoceras, an animal that 

 resembled the modern antelope, probably, as much as any recent 

 form. The male is peculiar in the fact that the skull bore two 

 or three pairs of horn cores. The female was without horns. 



Cervicoma. — This essentially modern group appears in the 

 Miocene of Europe and North America and. has a considerable 

 number of the members still living. The males have, in nearly 

 every case bony horns that are shed every year, differing in this 

 respect from the succeeding group in which there is a permanent 

 horn core, and the horn proper is not shed. The upper incisors 



