100 THE JOURNAL OF GEOLOGY. 



Leipsic beaches, it does not directly connect with a moraine at its eastern end, 

 but a gap of ten miles intervenes. Terraces at Cleveland, Mr. Leverett 

 thinks, make a connection between the eastern end of the beach and the west- 

 ern end of the moraine at Euclid, Ohio. C. E. P. 



The Climate of Europe During the Glacial Epoch. By Clement Reid. 

 (Natural Science. Vol. I, No. 6, 1892). 



Te^nperature op the Sea. — The temperature of the English Channel was 

 similar to that where the isotherm of 32" F. is now situated. The winter 

 temperature can scarcely have been 20° colder than at present. The Medi- 

 terranean was perhaps ^^ colder than now. 



Temperature of the Land {air'). — It does not appear that the climate of 

 the lowlands of southern Europe can have been 20 lower than the present 

 mean ; 10" or perhaps less appear to have been the refrigeration in the Med- 

 iterranean region. The temperature at the southern margin of the 

 ice -sheet was about 20" colder than at present. The temperature increased 

 rapidly towards the south. Recent observations seem to show that through- 

 out central Europe there was a period of dry cold, causing the country tO' 

 resemble the arid regions of central Asia. J. A. B. 



On the Glacial Period and the Eai'th- Movement IPypothesis. By James 

 Geikie, Edinburgh, Scotland. (Read before the Victoria Institute, 

 London). 



Geologists generally admit that there have been at least two glacial 

 epochs, separated by one well-marked interglacial period. The closing 

 stage of the Pleistocene period was one of cold conditions in north- 

 western Europe, accompanied by land depressions. After this came a genial 

 climate with a union of the British islands among themselves and also with 

 the continent. This was followed by a cold, humid condition. 



Upham maintains that the whole of North America north of the Gulf of 

 Mexico stood at least three thousand feet higher at the beginning of the 

 glacial epoch than at present. Fiords were formed before glacial times and 

 so can not be cited as evidence of high land during the glacial period. An 

 elevation of land in the northern part of North America and Europe could 

 not produce glaciation in their southern parts. The deflection of the Gulf 

 Stream by the sinking of the Panama, Professor Giekie argues, could not 

 produce the conditions which prevailed during the glacial epoch. The 

 Earth - Movement hypothesis, he believes, accounts neither for the widespread 

 phenomena of the ice - age, nor for the remarkable interglacial climates. 

 Some maintain that the warm interglacial period was produced by the rise 

 of the Panama land, the sinking of the lands to the north, and the turning of 

 the Gulf Stream from the Pacific into the Atlantic. Why then, asks Profes- 

 sor Geikie, do we not have such a climate now ? J. A. B. 



