THE GEOLOGICAL TUME- SCALE. I 83 



Werner (1750- 1817) elaborated Lehmann's scheme and 

 modified it. He was the great teacher of geology at Freiburg, 

 Germany, in 1815, and left his impress upon the geologists of 

 the time, though he wrote little in the way of systematic expo- 

 sition of his theories of classification. He adopted Lehmann's 

 Primitiv Gebirge, but of the Secondary rocks- he made a lower 

 class, which he called transition rocks [Uebergangsgebirge) , 

 which were stratified, contained none or but few fossils, and 

 were m^ore or less oblique in position ; these characteristics were 

 observed in northern Europe, where he studied them. The 

 remainder of the original Secondary rocks, he called Floetzgebirge , 

 or flat -lying formations, and these were the equivalents of Leh- 

 mann's Secondary in the classification of the early part of the 

 century. Later, the Wernerian school called the formations 

 above the Cretaceous neiies Floetzgebirge, to which, as they were 

 studied in the Paris basin, Cuvier and Brongniart, in the latter 

 decade of the last century, applied the name Tertiary, which 

 still remains in the scheme. Werner called the looser, overlying, 

 unconsolidated rocks angeschwempt Gebirge, or alluvial formations, 

 which were afterwards, as above stated, called Quaternary by 

 Morlot. 



The classification of Lehmann, as perfected by Werner, was 

 then as follows : 



German iiames. English equivalents. 



IV. Angeschwempt gebirge. Alluvial formations. 



HL b. Neues Floetzgebirge, Tertiary " 



a. Floetzgebirge, Secondary " 



n. Uebergangsgebirge Transition " 



L Urgebirge Primitive " 



These were the formations which made up the geological" 

 series as then recognized. Volcanic rocks were looked upon as 

 local formations, and of small account in general classification. 

 But they came to be more deeply studied by Werner, and his 

 notion that trap was of aqueous origin led to much controversy, 

 and gave chief prominence to his views (the Neptunian theory) 

 and to that classification of rocks which will be next considered. 



