MALASPINA GLACIER. 237 



the process of terrace building at a lower level. The material 

 forming the terrace at the base of Chaix hills is largely composed 

 of blue clay filled with both angular and rounded stones and 

 bowlders, but its elevated border is almost entirely of angular 

 debris. The drainage from the mountain slope above the terrace 

 is obstructed by the elevated border referred -to, and swamps 

 and lagoons have formed back of it. In the material forming 

 the terraces there are many tree trunks, and growing upon its 

 surface there is a forest of large spruce trees. 



At the extreme southern end of the Chaix hills the drainage 

 from the northeast, which we have been tracing, joins another 

 stream from the northwest and forms Lake Castani. This lake, 

 like the one at Terrace point, is at the south end of a precipitous 

 niountain ridge projecting into the glacier and drains through a 

 tunnel in the ice. The stream flowing from it is known as the 

 Yahtse and flows for six or eight miles beneath the ice before 

 emerging at its southern margin. Large quantities of both coarse 

 and fine material are being carried into Lake Castani by tributary 

 streams and is there deposited as deltas and lake beds. When 

 the lake is drained, as sometimes happens, vast quantities of this 

 material must be carried into the tunnel through which the waters 

 escape. 



On the west side of Chaix hills are several other marginal 

 lakes of the same general character as those just described. 

 The one next northwest of Lake Castani occupies a long narrow 

 valley between two outstanding mountain ridges, and is retained 

 by the glacier which blocks the end of the recess thus formed. 

 This lake was clear of ice July, 1891, and of a dark blue color, 

 showing that it received little drainage from the glacier. Other 

 lakes on the northwest side of the Chaix hills are of a sim- 

 ilar nature, and during my visit were heavily blocked with 

 floating ice. On the north side of Chaix hills there are other 

 small water bodies occupying embayments and retained b}" the 

 glacier which flows past their entrances. The water from all 

 these lakes escapes through tunnels. 



The lakes to which attention has been directed are especially 



