238 THE JOURNAL OF GEOLOGY. 



interesting, as they illustrate one phase of deposition depending 

 upon glaciation, and suggest that a great ice sheet like that 

 which formerly covered New England very likely gave origin to 

 marginal lakes, the records of which should be found on steep 

 mountain slopes. 



Drainage. — The drainage of the Malaspina glacier- is essen- 

 tially englacial or subglacial. There is no surface drainage ex- 

 cepting in a few localities, principally on its northern border, 

 where there is a slight surface slope, but even in such places the 

 streams are short and soon plunge into a crevasse or a moulin 

 and join the drainage beneath. 



On the lower portions of the Alpine glaciers, tributary to the 

 main ice -sheet, there are sometimes small streams coursing 

 along in ice channels, but these are short lived. On the borders 

 of the tributary glaciers there are frequently important streams 

 flowing between the ice and the adjacent mountain slope, but 

 when these come down to the Malaspina glacier they flow into 

 tunnels and are lost to view. 



Along the southern margin of the glacier, between the Yahtse 

 and Point Manby, there are hundreds of streams which pour out 

 of the escarpment formed by the border of the glacier, or rise 

 like great fountains from the gravel and bowlders accumulated 

 at its base. All of these are brown and heavy with sediment 

 and overloaded with bowlders and stones. The largest and most 

 remarkable of these springs is the one indicated on the accompany- 

 ing map as Fountain stream. This comes to the surface through 

 a rudely circular opening, nearly lOO feet in diameter, surrounded 

 in part by ice. Owing to the pressure to which the waters are 

 subjected they boil up violently, and are thrown into the air to the 

 height of 12 to 15 feet, and send jets of spray several feet 

 higher. The waters are brown with sediment, and rush seaward 

 with great rapidity, forming a roaring stream, fully 200 feet 

 broad, which soon divides into many branches, and is spreading 

 a sheet of gravel and sand right and left into the adjacent 

 forest. Where Fountain stream rises, the face of the glacier is 

 steep and covered with huge bowlders, many of which are too 



