DRUM LIN, OSAR AND KAME FORMATION. 263 



it over a much greater area than it originally occupied, forming 

 a secondary train. The erratics of this secondary train, he finds 

 much smaller in general and marked by greater evidence of 

 glacial reduction than those of the unmodified later train. This 

 has a double bearing upon the question of the origin of the 

 drumlins in that it indicates basal transportation in both epochs 

 and in that it indicates a direct accumulation of the drumlins 

 de novo during the later incursion. It seems to exclude the 

 view that the drumlins are remnants of the older drift ; for, 

 since the older train was westerly, there would be no quartzite 

 material in the old drift lying southwesterly from the outcrops, 

 and hence none would appear within the body of the drift in 

 that region when worn into drumlin forms. But it is just here 

 that quartzite erratics appear in their greatest abundance and 

 permeate the body of the drumlins most impartially. The direct 

 south-southwesterly bowlder train is so predominant that the 

 older, and now more scattered, westerly one was not recognized 

 by the earlier observers. 



The testimony of these bowlder trains (basal phenomena dis- 

 tributed along the line of drift movement) combined with that 

 of the border belts (superficial phenomena distributed transversely 

 to the drift movement and parallel to the edge of the ice) seems 

 therefore to add some special weight to the already familiar evi- 

 dence supporting the view that drumlins are strictly basal aggre- 

 gations. 



There are no well defined osars (eskers) in this drumlin 

 region, but there are tracts of gravelly knolls and ridges some 

 of which seem to represent longitudinal glacial drainage lines, 

 and so, genetically speaking, to stand for the esker phenomena. 

 Aggregates of the kame type, or of an unclassifiable type of 

 this general order, occur not infrequently among the drumlins. 

 In connection with the moraines bordering the district, kames of 

 the typical variety have an abundant development. Into all 

 these, so far as they lie within the area of quartzite distribution, 

 the quartzitic material enters in even greater abundance than 

 into the averagfe unmodified till of the drumlins themselves or 



