THE KALAMAZOO AND OTHER GLACIAL OUTLETS 479 
gravel beneath the muck. Outside the muck area which com- 
prises a belt of varying width extending along the middle of 
the valley the floor is covered with sandy gravel. Bowlders are 
not abundant though one field was seen to be thickly strewn 
with them. Toward the east this portion of the channel is 
drained by Swartz Creek, which enters it from the south about 
a mile west of Swartz Creek station, and toward the west it is 
drained by a branch of Maple River. The middle portion is 
intersected by the Shiawassee River and one of its branches. 
The Shiawassee enters the valley about three miles west of 
Vernon and follows it to the latter place, where it breaks 
through the moraine northward. The further course of the 
channel westward is not known, but it probably either continues 
past St. Johns down Stony Creek or follows the Maple by way 
of Duplain to the old Grand River outlet. If the Vernon 
moraine is the equivalent of the Detroit moraine as we infer, 
then the Vernon outlet must have been active at the time 
the Mill Creek channel was open at Melvin, the waters from 
which found their way westward through the bend of the 
Imlay outlet, though at a later stage the latter may have been 
abandoned for an outlet farther north, possibly by way of Otter 
Lake. Within the limits described the known elevations of the 
channel floor as shown by the railroad levels at the stations 
named, which are generally within a few feet of the bottom 
level, are as follows: Otterburn 771, Swartz Creek 779, Crapo 
774, Duffield 780, Vernon 780. 
The Kalamazoo outlet—This is one of the most important of 
the glacial outlets observed within the state. Previous observa- 
tions bad shown the existence of a channel between Battle 
Creek and Plainwell, but its extension east and west from these 
points was unknown. Our recent observations have shown that 
this channel extends northeastward from Battle Creek as far as 
Lansing, at which point it turns eastward, but beyond which it 
has not been traced. From this place to Plainwell it follows 
the outer border of a moraine (/’), here named the Charlotte 
moraine from the city of that name which is situated upon it 
